The article aims to compare various aspects of food waste in the context of rational food management using the example of two groups: students and employees of Poznań University of Life Sciences (PULS). The survey was conducted on the current level of food wastage in the households of students and employees of PULS, involving 266 respondents, including 187 students (N₁) and 79 employees (N₂). The conducted research and analysis of the obtained results showed the differences between younger and older people in relation to proper food storage, appropriate use of food surplus, awareness of both consequences of food waste, and the existence of this problem is a consumer behavior. Both groups of surveyed consumers waste food, but students waste it more frequently and in larger quantities than the employees. This situation resulted from different consumer habits and attitudes towards food waste. The research indicated that employees are more effective in reducing food waste in their own households through better use of leftovers.

The existing body of scholarly work on the adoption of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) in Africa and Nigeria has predominantly concentrated on the experiences and practices of smallholder farmers. While these studies offer valuable insights into the general factors that influence the adoption of CSA practices, their findings may not be fully applicable to the burgeoning agritourism farmers in Nigeria. This study presents a novel perspective on the socio-economic determinants of CSA adoption among the nascent agritourism farmers in Nigeria. The data were collected through a well-structured questionnaire administered to 436 agritourism farmers in Nigeria. The five mutually inclusive endogenous variables that capture the impact of CSA practices were agroforestry system, improved livestock management, organic farming, crop rotation/intercropping, and farmer field schools. While the agritourism farmers possess moderate experience and education, significant gaps exist in access to critical resources like credit, climate information, extension services, and membership in agritourism cooperatives/associations. The multivariate probit (MVP) model revealed that agritourism farming experience significantly boosts crop rotation/intercropping adoption. Education enhances organic farming uptake but negatively impacts improved livestock management. Similarly, extension services access promotes farmer field schools while discouraging organic farming. Significant negative covariance matrix between CSA practices suggests overlapping demands for limited farm resources.

Despite the significant potential of diverse natural, agricultural, cultural, and historical resources, Northern Kazakhstan, as well as the whole country, demonstrates the underdevelopment and unpopularity of agritourism and rural tourism. By Kazakh standards, it is characterized by relatively well-developed agriculture. At the same time, it is characterized by a monopolized rural labor market, lack of a service sector, low incomes, and progressive depopulation of the population. During the implementation of the research project, secondary data analysis (content, historical, statistical) were used. According to the study, the key factors determining the paradoxical underdevelopment of rural tourism and agritourism in a key agricultural region include the state policy of supporting agriculture, the conservatism of farmers, and passive rural stakeholder attitudes, which are influenced by the Soviet past. In addition, the lack of attractiveness of rural tourist and recreational resources in the eyes of travelers plays a significant role. To activate the tangible and intangible assets of rural areas in order to develop the tourism and hospitality industry, both administrative and utilitarian measures are proposed that can diversify the rural economy. This paper is not only a case study of tourism barriers in Kazakhstan, but a theory-informed diagnosis of rural modernization failure.

Despite the significant potential of representative natural, agricultural, cultural and historical resources, Northern Kazakhstan, as well as the whole country, demonstrates the absolute underdevelopment and unpopularity of agritourism and rural tourism. Characterized by highly developed agriculture, the region is at the same time characterized by a monopolized rural labor market, lack of a service sector, low incomes, and progressive depopulation of the population. During the implementation of the research project, desk research methods (content analysis, historical and genetic analysis, statistical and factual data analysis and observation methods) and semi-structured individual interviews were used. According to the study, the key factors determining the paradoxical underdevelopment of rural tourism and agritourism in a key agricultural region include the state policy of supporting agriculture, the conservatism of farmers and the indifference of the rural community, which are influenced by the Soviet past. In addition, the lack of attractiveness of rural tourist and recreational resources in the eyes of travelers plays a significant role. To activate the tangible and intangible assets of rural areas in order to develop the tourism and hospitality industry, both administrative and utilitarian measures are proposed that can diversify the rural economy.

Rural areas are increasingly recognized as spaces with significant tourism potential, particularly in terms of sustainable development and regional revitalization. This study examines the role of ethnographic diversity as a factor influencing tourism development in rural areas in the Wielkopolska region of Poland. The research aims to identify distinctive cultural features of selected ethnographic groups and assess their potential contribution to tourism and regional development. The study is based on secondary data from Statistics Poland (GUS), the National Heritage Board, and unpublished materials from the Wielkopolska Agricultural Advisory Centre. The analytical methods used include descriptive statistics, spatial analysis, and indicator-based assessment of tourism function, using measures such as the Baretje-Defert index and tourist traffic indicators. The results reveal that Wielkopolska’s rural areas are characterized by rich ethnographic diversity, encompassing both tangible and intangible cultural heritage. However, this potential remains largely underutilized. This is primarily due to limited infrastructure and weak institutional support. Agritourism is identified as the dominant form of tourism, while the broader development of rural tourism is limited. The study concludes that ethnographic diversity constitutes a valuable resource for developing sustainable tourism, but its effective utilization requires improved infrastructure, stronger stakeholder engagement, and strategies that balance economic benefits with preserving cultural authenticity.