The presence of drug residues in food products has become a growing concern because of the adverse health risks and regulatory implications. Drug residues in food refer to the presence of pharmaceutical compounds or their metabolites in products such as meat, fish, eggs, poultry and ready-to-eat foods, which are intended for human consumption. These residues can come from the use of drugs in the field of veterinary medicine, such as antibiotics, antiparasitic agents, growth promoters and other veterinary drugs given to livestock and aquaculture with the aim of providing them as prophylaxis, therapy and for promoting growth. Various analytical techniques are used for this purpose to control the maximum residue limit. Compliance with the maximum residue limit is very important for food manufacturers according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Union (EU) regulations. Effective monitoring and control of drug residues in food requires continuous advances in analytical techniques. Few studies have been reviewed on sample extraction and preparation techniques as well as challenges and future directions for the determination of veterinary drug residues in food. This current review focuses on the overview of regulations, classifications and types of food, as well as the latest analytical methods that have been used in recent years (2020–2023) for the determination of drug residues in food so that appropriate methods and accurate results can be used. The results show that chromatography is still a widely used technique for the determination of drug residue in food. Other approaches have been developed including immunoassay, biosensors, electrophoresis and molecular-based methods. This review provides a new development method that has been used to control veterinary drug residue limit in food.

The prevalence of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with low water solubility has experienced a significant increase in recent years. These APIs present challenges in formulation, particularly for oral dosage forms, despite their considerable therapeutic potential. Therefore, the improvement of solubility has become a major concern for pharmaceutical enterprises to increase the bioavailability of APIs. A promising formulation approach that can effectively improve the dissolution profile and the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs is the utilization of amorphous systems. Numerous formulation methods have been developed to enhance poorly water-soluble drugs through amorphization systems, including co-amorphous formulations, amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), and the use of mesoporous silica as a carrier. Furthermore, the successful enhancement of certain drugs with poor aqueous solubility through amorphization has led to their incorporation into various commercially available preparations, such as ASDs, where the crystalline structure of APIs is transformed into an amorphous state within a hydrophilic matrix. A novel approach, known as ternary solid dispersions (TSDs), has emerged to address the solubility and bioavailability challenges associated with amorphous drugs. Meanwhile, the introduction of a third component in the ASD and co-amorphous systems has demonstrated the potential to improve performance in terms of solubility, physical stability, and processability. This comprehensive review discusses the preparation and characterization of poorly water-soluble drugs in ternary solid dispersions and their mechanisms of drug release and physical stability.

Decreasing global tuberculosis (TB) notifications indicate problems related to TB patient detection and treatment outcomes. Pharmaceutical care (PC) has potential roles in managing these issues. However, PC practices have not yet become widespread in the real world. This systematic scoping review aimed to identify and analyze the current literature on practical models of pharmaceutical care for improving tuberculosis patient detection and treatment outcomes. We then discussed the present challenges and future considerations for the successful implementation of PC services in TB. A systematic scoping review was performed to identify the practice models of PC in TB. Systematic searches and screening were used to identify relevant articles in the PubMed and Cochrane databases. We then discussed the challenges and recommendations for successful implementation using a framework to improve professional healthcare practice. Our analysis included 14 of 201 eligible articles. We identified that the focuses in the PC of TB are on increasing patient detection (four articles) and improving TB treatment outcomes (ten articles). Practices cover services in the community and hospital settings, such as screening and referring people with presumptive TB, tuberculin test services, collaborative practices for treatment completion, directly observed treatment, the solution of drug-related problems, reporting and managing adverse drug reactions, and medication adherence programs. Although PC services positively increase TB patient detection and treatment outcomes, hidden challenges in the actual practice are analyzed. Several factors should be comprehensively considered in successful implementation, such as guidelines, individual pharmacy personnel, patient, professional interaction, organizational capacity, regulation, incentive, and resource factors. Hence, a collaborative PC program that involves all related stakeholders should be considered to create successful and sustainable PC services in TB.

Plant extracts demonstrate significant potential as a rich source of active pharmaceutical ingredients, exhibiting diverse biological activities and minimal toxicity. However, the low aqueous solubility of extracts and their gastrointestinal permeability, as well as their poor oral bioavailability, limit clinical advancements due to drug delivery problems. An amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) delivers drugs by changing an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) into an amorphous state to increase the solubility and availability of the API to the body. This research aimed to analyze and summarize the successful advancements of ASD systems derived from plant extracts, emphasizing characterization and the effects on dissolution and pharmacological activity. The results show that ASD systems improve phytoconstituent dissolution, bioavailability, and stability, in addition to reducing dose and toxicity. This research demonstrates the significance of ASD in therapeutic formulations to augment the pharmacological activities and efficacy of medicinal plant extracts. The prospects indicate promising potential for therapeutic applications utilizing ASD systems, alongside medicinal plant extracts for clinical therapy.

Medicinal plants are increasingly being explored due to their possible pharmacological properties and minimal adverse effects. However, low bioavailability and stability often limit efficacy, necessitating high oral doses to achieve therapeutic levels in the bloodstream. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) offer a potential solution to these limitations. Due to their large surface area, substantial pore volume, and ability to precisely control pore size. MSNs are also capable of efficiently incorporating a wide range of therapeutic substances, including herbal plant extracts, leading to potential use for drug containment and delivery systems. Therefore, this review aimed to discuss and summarize the successful developments of herbal plant extracts loaded into MSN, focusing on preparation, characterization, and the impact on efficacy. Data were collected from publications on Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using the precise keywords “mesoporous silica nanoparticle” and “herbal extract”. The results showed that improved phytoconstituent bioavailability, modified release profiles, increased stability, reduced dose and toxicity are the primary benefits of this method. This review offers insights on the significance of integrating MSNs into therapeutic formulations to improve pharmacological characteristics and effectiveness of medicinal plant extracts. Future prospects show favorable potential for therapeutic applications using MSNs combined with herbal medicines for clinical therapy.