Michelia × alba (M. alba) is a flowering tree best known for its essential oil, which has long been used as a fragrance ingredient for perfume and cosmetics. In addition, the plant has been used in traditional medicine in Asia and dates back hundreds of years. To date, there is a limited number of publications on the bioactivities of M. alba, which focused on its tyrosinase inhibition, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Nevertheless, M. alba may have additional unexplored bioactivities associated with its bioactive compounds such as linalool (72.8% in flower oil and 80.1% in leaf oil), α-terpineol (6.04% flower oil), phenylethyl alcohol (2.58% flower oil), β-pinene (2.39% flower oil), and geraniol (1.23% flower oil). Notably, these compounds have previously been reported to exhibit therapeutic activities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-depression, anti-ulcer, anti-hypertriglyceridemia, and anti-hypertensive activities. In this review paper, we examine and discuss the scientific evidence on the phytochemistry, bioactivities, and traditional uses of M. alba. Here, we report a total of 168 M. alba biological compounds and highlight the therapeutic potential of its key bioactive compounds. This review may provide insights into the therapeutic potential of M. alba and its biologically active components for the prevention and treatment of diseases and management of human health and wellness.

Eggshell membranes which is one of the food wastes that naturally contains glycosaminoglycan and other proteins has the potential to become a good natural resource alternative to produce hyaluronic acid. The reuse of eggshell membranes can greatly reduce the production of food wastes globally. The objective of this research was to compare the yield of HA extracted from eggshell membrane by using single and mixture of papain and bromelain enzyme. More than that, the other aim of this research was to determine the optimum condition for the hyaluronic acid (HA) extraction from eggshell membrane using mixture of enzymatic in ratio. The yield of HA extracted was determined by using carbazole method. This research has shown that enzyme hydrolysis using combination of enzyme capable of increasing the yield of HA extracted from eggshell membrane. The final condition selected for the extraction of hyaluronic acid is 1:2 papain to bromelain ratio in enzyme mixture (62.23mg/g ESM, 6.723% HA yield) at pH 7 (34.17mg/g ESM, 3.417% HA yield) and 60℃ (44.628mg/g ESM, 4.463% HA yield). Based on this study, the extraction of hyaluronic acid from eggshell membrane could be a more economic and environmental friendly an alternative natural sources for hyaluronic acid production.