Prior value studies in sport settings have been focused on participation rather than spectatorship. This study is an initial step in examining the values associated with spectator sports. Interviews and focus groups were utilized in this qualitative study within four progressive phases for triangulation, transferability, and constant comparative assessment. A total of 54 individuals participated in the study. Because values were subjectively perceived at the highest level of abstraction reflecting desirable preference experiences, the interviews were designed to include seven categories of questions: Three categories dealt with observed behaviors and implied metaphors, and four categories including questions comparing spectator sports and sport participation, religion, other leisure activities, and substitutes. Grounded data techniques guided the coding procedure. Using the transcriptions and notes from 26 interviews and three focus groups, five coders were used to provide evidence of interrater reliability. Based on the results of the data analyses, a 10-value-type framework was developed in relation to spectator sports: (a) Enjoyment (pleasure and satisfaction), (b) Sociability (social interaction through sport spectating), (c) Identity (enhancing self-esteem), (d) Status (pursuing social recognition), (e) Moral, (f) Spirituality (inner peace, strength, meaning, and purpose in life), (g) Epistemic, (h) Aesthetics, (i) Ritual (sports spectating becomes a series of formal and serious acts followed regularly and invariably as end-experience), and (j) no or negative values. Different from Kahle’s (1983), Maslow’s (1970a), and Schwartz’ (1992) value theories, the framework was specifically associated with spectator sports and is expected to better predict spectator sport behavior than does a scale measuring motivations of sports fans.

This descriptive study evaluated behavioral and social science research on sport for 1993 through 2008, examined the characteristics of sport research, and identified mainstream issues appearing during these 16 years. Based on the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) database from 1993 to 2008, 7,655 articles referring to sport or sports were available. The publication analyses showed that 13 core journals published the most articles in the behavioral sciences of sport. By analyzing all titles, author keywords, and KeyWords Plus, the results showed that physical education, athlete performance, and sports participation were the mainstream issues of sport research in the 16-year study period. The words adolescent, youth, and children frequently appeared, indicating that the emphasis of sport research focused on these participant groups. This bibliometric study reviewed global sports research in SSCI, and described certain patterns or trends in prior research on sport.

This research applies a model-based teaching approach aimed at scrutinizing trends in the leisure, tourism, hospitality, recreation, and sport (LTHRS) field by integrating artificial intelligence (AI) along with ChatGPT, project-based learning (PBL), systems thinking, and industrial analysis tools to foster trend recognition skills. The study employs a quasi-experimental design to compare the efficacy of two instructional approaches (exploratory vs. confirmatory) concerning AI literacy and learning outcomes. Notably, the exploratory group exhibits marked improvements in AI knowledge, while the confirmatory group demonstrates enhanced trend recognition ability. Additionally, the research delves into the application effects of AI-based text mining and ChatGPT (AITM) as content analysis tools through four distinct projects (5G’s impact on tourism industries, travel trends caused by metaverse, daylily tour in Huatan Township, and Taiwanese elements in spectator sports), underscoring the substantial efficacy of AITM in capturing diverse themes, albeit with challenges in discerning subtle and subjective labels. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the model-based teaching approach and the multifaceted utility of AI and automated text mining in augmenting trend recognition skills.

As career success increasingly prioritizes personal satisfaction over traditional metrics, authentic leadership has emerged as a key driver of subjective career success. This study examines the mediating roles of psychological safety and mindfulness in this relationship within a sustainable work environment. Drawing on self-determination theory, emotional contagion theory, and conservation of resource theory, a mediation model is proposed. In this model, authentic leadership enhances psychological safety, which fosters mindfulness and ultimately leads to subjective career success. A rival mediation model further positions mindfulness as a predictor of psychological safety, offering a novel perspective on their interplay. A cross-sectional survey of 287 employees from diverse industries tested these models using correlation, multiple regression, and serial mediation analyses. The results confirm that authentic leadership significantly predicts subjective career success through psychological safety and mindfulness. The rival model suggests a bidirectional relationship, where mindfulness also contributes to psychological safety. These findings highlight the importance of fostering psychological safety and mindfulness to promote a sustainable work environment. This study contributes to both theoretical understanding and practical applications of authentic leadership in human resource management. Organizations aiming to enhance employee well-being and career satisfaction should implement leadership development and mindfulness training programs. Aligning these initiatives with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being; SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth) can strengthen sustainable business practices. Future research should explore the long-term impact of authentic leadership and mindfulness on career success through longitudinal studies.

The goal was to investigate a potential causal pattern between the motives of sport spectators and team identification by using a cross-lagged panel design. Questionnaires were completed by 229 participants at the beginning and end of one NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) college football season for 4 mo. in the USA. The questionnaire included three items for each motive (Social Interaction and Entertainment), three items measuring team identification, and demographic items. The relation of Entertainment at Time 1 to team identification at Time 2 was larger than the relation of team identification at Time 1 to Entertainment at Time 2. This suggests that the motivation of Entertainment may lead to the formation of team identification more than team identification leads to Entertainment. However, the motive of Social Interaction did not show the same pattern. As results of this study suggested some spectator sport motives might lead to identification with a team, the hypothesis that all motives would be the basis of team identification might not be correct.

This study investigated the fans’ knowledge of team social responsibility (TSR) as well as the motivation and intentions associated with TSR. Other correlates included in the conceptual model are the fans’ value orientation of universalism, sport involvement, and team identification. A questionnaire was administered at three Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) games in Taiwan (n = 520). It was found that perceptions of team social responsibility were linked to TSR-induced motivation to watch baseball. Universalism values, spectator sport involvement with CPBL, and team identification were found to be positively related to TSR knowledge, TSR-linked motivation, and TSR-linked intentions. The results provide useful insights that professional baseball teams can use to pursue a goal of sustainability and to ensure a uniquely engaged fan base.