The study aimed to analyse emotional state, quality of life and cognitive functions in young hypogonadal men. Thirty-four males with hypogonadism (age 29.1 ± 10.5 years) and 34 age-matched healthy males (age 30.5 ± 11.0 years) were recruited. Their emotional state was evaluated by Profile of Mood States, quality of life - by WHO Brief Quality of Life Questionnaire - and cognitive functioning - by Trail Making Test and Digit Span Test of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. It was found that young men with hypogonadism had higher depression-dejection (13.1 ± 8.8 versus 7.4 ± 5.9, P = 0.003), fatigue-inertia (10.0 ± 5.8 versus 7.0 ± 4.9, P = 0.030), confusion-bewilderment (5.1 ± 4.6 versus 2.3 ± 3.1, P = 0.004) and lower vigour-activity (14.3 ± 5.1 versus 17.7 ± 4.3, P = 0.008) levels than age- and sex-matched controls. Quality of life psychological (13.1 ± 2.8 versus 15.1 ± 1.9, P = 0.005) and social (13.6 ± 2.4 versus 15.7 ± 2.0, P < 0.001) domains were significantly worse in men with hypogonadism than in controls. Cognitive functions were significantly worse (P < 0.001) in men with hypogonadism than in controls, showing worse executive function, attention, visual scanning abilities and psychomotor speed. A significant correlation was found between testosterone concentration and quality of life psychological domain. Cognitive functioning scores were significantly related with FT4 concentration. It is concluded that young hypogonadal patients have impaired emotional state and quality of life, but the most severe impairment was found in cognitive functioning.

Summary The objective of this study was to determine body composition, physical activity, and psychological state in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Fat mass, lean mass, water mass, and basal metabolic rate are lower, self-reported physical activity and risk factors of fractures are higher, and cognitive functions were worse in osteoporotic patients than in controls. Significant correlations were found between physical activity and emotional state parameters. Introduction This study aims to determine peculiarities of body composition, physical activity, risk factors predicting fractures, psychological state and quality of life, and possible relations between them in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis in Lithuania. Methods Thirty-one postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and 29 healthy age- and sex-matched controls were included in the study. Profile of Mood State and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used for the assessment of emotional state. Trail Making Test and Digit Symbol Test of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were used to evaluate cognitive functioning. Quality of life was evaluated using the World Health Organization Brief Quality of Life Questionnaire. Risk of fractures was assessed by the Risk Factors Predicting Questionnaire. Results Fat mass (22.4 ± 4.7 vs. 40.6 ± 14.2 kg, p < 0.001), lean mass (37.3 ± 6.0 vs. 48.1 ± 7.6 kg, p < 0.001), water mass (31.6 ± 2.9 vs. 38.3 ± 5.3 kg, p < 0.001), and basal metabolic rate (1,253 ± 132 vs. 1,456 ± 126 kcal, p < 0.001) were lower in osteoporotic patients than in controls. Self-reported physical activity (2.35 ± 0.6 vs. 1.69 ± 0.5, p < 0.001) and risk factors of fractures (5.9 ± 2.1 vs. 2.6 ± 2.4, p < 0.001) were higher in women with osteoporosis than in healthy age- and sex-matched controls (2.35 ± 0.6 vs. 69 ± 0.5, p < 0.001). Trail making A and B scores were higher in patients than in age- and sex-matched controls (55.8 ± 19.9 vs. 45.1 ± 19.9, p = 0.07 and 118.2 ± 34.6 vs. 92.8 ± 48.7, p = 0.006). Some significant correlations were detected between physical activity and emotional state and quality of life parameters. Conclusion In postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, fat body mass, lean body mass, water body mass, basal metabolic rate, and waist-to-hip ratio are lower, physical activity and risk of fractures are higher, and cognitive functions are worse than in age- and sex-matched controls. Some psychological peculiarities could be related to physical activity in women with osteoporosis.

The aim of this prospective study was to determine the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in 15-34-year-aged Lithuanian males and females during 1991 - 2008