Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gut–brain axis chronic disorder, characterized by recurrent abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of organic pathology. Nutrition plays a central role in symptom management, yet no single dietary strategy has demonstrated universal effectiveness. This narrative review critically evaluates current nutritional approaches to IBS. The low-Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides and Polyols (FODMAP) diet is the most extensively studied and provides short-term symptom relief, but its long-term effects on microbiota diversity remain concerning. The Mediterranean diet, due to its anti-inflammatory and prebiotic properties, offers a sustainable, microbiota-friendly option; however, it has specific limitations in the context of IBS, particularly due to the adverse effects of certain FODMAP-rich foods. A gluten-free diet may benefit individuals with suspected non-celiac gluten sensitivity, although improvements are often attributed to fructan restriction and placebo and nocebo effects. Lactose-free diets are effective in patients with documented lactose intolerance, while a high-soluble-fiber diet is beneficial for constipation-predominant IBS. IgG-based elimination diets are emerging but remain controversial and require further validation. In this review, we present the 10 dietary commandments for IBS, pragmatic and easily retained recommendations. It advocates a personalized, flexible, and multidisciplinary management approach, avoiding rigidity and standardized protocols, with the aim of optimizing adherence, symptom mitigation, and health-related quality of life. Future research should aim to evaluate, in real-world clinical settings, the impact and applicability of the 10 dietary commandments for IBS in terms of symptom improvement and quality of life

Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) has the highest mortality rate among psychiatric disorders, making early diagnosis and tailored management crucial. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of age at onset (AAO)—childhood/adolescence versus adulthood—on the clinical course and associated biochemical parameters. Methods: Seventy-six female patients with AN were divided into two groups based on AAO (<18 years vs. ≥18 years). Group comparisons were performed using t-tests for continuous variables and χ² tests for categorical variables. Correlation analyses assessed associations between AAO and continuous variables. Significant findings were entered into regression models, including a binary logistic regression with AAO as the dependent variable and a linear regression with significant correlations as predictors. Results: The early-onset group showed significantly higher potassium levels and a lower sodium/potassium ratio (Na⁺/K⁺) compared with the late-onset group (potassium: t = 0.93, p < 0.01; Na⁺/K⁺: t = 3.39, p < 0.01). AAO was strongly inversely correlated with potassium levels (r = −0.75, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with cholesterol (r = 0.574, p < 0.01) and Na⁺/K⁺ (r = 0.78, p = 0.01). Binary logistic regression correctly classified 87% of cases, showing that lower Na⁺/K⁺ was associated with earlier onset (OR = 2.23, p = 0.03). Linear regression confirmed significant associations of AAO with cholesterol levels (B = 0.07, p = 0.02) and Na⁺/K⁺ (B = 1.68, p < 0.01). Conclusions: AAO in AN is strongly associated with specific biochemical parameters. Early-onset patients exhibit more severe electrolyte imbalances, while late-onset cases show higher cholesterol levels, suggesting increased cardiovascular risk. These findings emphasize the importance of personalized treatment approaches according to AAO, although further studies are warranted to confirm these results.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) has the highest mortality rate among psychiatric disorders, mak-ing early diagnosis and appropriate management essential. This study aims to investigate the impact of age at onset (AAO) - childhood/adolescence vs adulthood - on the course of the disorder and associated biochemical parameters. A total of 76 female patients were in-cluded and divided into two groups based on AAO (< 18 years versus ≥ 18 years). Com-parisons between groups were made using t-tests for continuous variables and χ² tests for categorical variables. Correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the relation be-tween AAO and continuous variables. Significant variables at univariate analyses were then entered into two regression models with AAO as dependent variable: a binary lo-gistic regression model with significant continuous variables at t tests as predictors, and a linear regression model with significant correlations as independent variables. The ear-ly-onset group showed significantly higher potassium levels and a lower sodi-um/potassium ratio (Na+/K+) compared to the late-onset group (potassium: t=0.93, p< 0.01; Na+/K+: t=3.39, p< 0.01). Pearson correlations revealed a strong inverse relationship be-tween AAO and potassium levels (r = -0.75, p < 0.01). Cholesterol levels (r = 0.574, p < 0.01) and Na+/K+ (r = 0.78, p = 0.01) were positively correlated with AAO. Binary logistic re-gression correctly classified 87% of cases, with a lower Na+/K+ associated with earlier on-set (OR = 2.23, p = 0.03). Linear regression confirmed that cholesterol levels (B = 0.07, p = 0.02) and Na+/K+ (B = 1.68, p < 0.01) were significantly associated with AAO. This study highlights a strong association between AAO of AN and some clinical/biochemical pa-rameters. Early-onset patients show more severe electrolyte imbalances. Late-onset cases tend to have higher cholesterol levels, suggesting increased cardiovascular risk. These findings underscore the need for personalized treatment approaches according to AAO of AN. Further studies are needed to confirm the findings reported in the present article,

Incretin-based therapies have marked a turning point in the treatment of obesity, because of their demonstrated effects on body weight and beyond, including numerous cardi-ometabolic outcomes. Within obesity management, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 receptor agonists (GIP/GLP-1 RAs) are, to date, the most effective pharma-cological strategies. A growing body of evidence, however, points to limited tolerability caused by gastrointestinal adverse effects, which may impair treatment adherence and reduce both quality of life and the nutritional adequacy of patients’ diets. These effects, which include nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, constipation, diarrhea, and abdominal bloating, are often observed in the early phases of treatment and during dose escalation. Yet the dietary recommendations available for their management remain fragmentary and inaccurate. This narrative review sets out to analyze the main pathophysiological mechanisms un-derlying the gastrointestinal manifestations of incretin-based therapies and to gather the available evidence on nutritional strategies for their prevention and management. We address the contribution of the GLP-1 and GIP systems to the modulation of gastroin-testinal motility, appetite, and clinical tolerability, with attention to the differences cur-rently recognized between selective GLP-1 RAs and dual GIP/GLP-1 RAs. We then present practical, symptom-specific recommendations covering meal distribution, mod-ulation of fat and fiber intake, hydration, food choices, and the overall quality of diet and lifestyle. Finally, we discuss the key role of nutrition in preservation adequate energy and protein intake, preventing micronutrient deficiencies, and conserving muscle mass throughout treatment with incretin-based therapies. A structured, personalized, symptom-oriented nutritional approach could improve the tolerability of these therapies, optimize clinical outcomes, and support their efficacy over the long term.