The aim of this work was to monitor the quality, antioxidant capacity and digestibility of chickpea exposed to different modified atmospheres. Chickpea quality (proximal analysis, color, texture, and water absorption) and the antioxidant capacity of free, conjugated, and bound phenol fractions obtained from raw and cooked chickpea, were determined. Cooked chickpea was exposed to N₂ and CO₂ atmospheres for 0, 25, and 50 days, and the antioxidant capacity was analyzed by DPPH (2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis-[3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]), and total phenols. After in vitro digestion, the antioxidant capacity was measured by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and AAPH (2,2′-Azobis [2-methylpropionamidine]). Additionally, quantification of total phenols, and UPLC-MS profile were determined. The results indicated that this grain contain high quality and high protein (18.38%). Bound phenolic compounds showed the highest amount (105.6 mg GAE/100 g) and the highest antioxidant capacity in all techniques. Cooked chickpeas maintained their quality and antioxidant capacity during 50 days of storage at 4 and −20 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. Free and conjugated phenolic compounds could be hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes, increasing their bioaccessibility and their antioxidant capacity during each step of digestion. The majority compound in all samples was enterodiol, prevailing the flavonoid type in the rest of the identified compounds. Chickpea contains biological interest compounds with antioxidant potential suggesting that this legume can be exploited for various technologies.

Clusia grandiflora Splitg. (Clusiaceae), popularly known as “cebolão” or “orelha-de-onça”, is a Neotropical species recognized as a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites, particularly prenylated benzophenones. This study investigated the chemical composition and antileishmanial potential of the ethanolic extract (EBCG), dichloromethane fraction (FDCG), and hexane fraction (FHex) obtained from C. grandiflora fruits. Chemical profiling by HPLC-ESI-IT-MS/MS revealed a metabolome dominated by prenylated benzophenones, terpenes, and flavonols. Biological evaluation included activity against promastigote and axenic amastigote forms of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis, cytotoxicity toward RAW 264.7 macrophages, assessment of cell death phenotypes, nitric oxide (NO) production, and molecular docking against Leishmania infantum trypanothione reductase (TRLi). FDCG and FHex exhibited moderate activity against promastigotes (IC₅₀ = 20.34 and 85.86 µg mL⁻¹, respectively), whereas EBCG was inactive. FHex showed the highest activity against axenic amastigotes (IC₅₀ = 7.0 µg mL⁻¹), while EBCG and FDCG displayed moderate activity (IC₅₀ = 15.92 and 26.43 µg mL⁻¹, respectively). Cell death occurred predominantly through a necrosis-like phenotype in promastigotes and an apoptosis-like phenotype in axenic amastigotes, and all samples significantly reduced NO production. Molecular docking indicated that several putatively annotated metabolites from C. grandiflora can be favorably accommodated within the TS2 substrate-binding cavity of Leishmania infantum trypanothione reductase (TRLi). Garcinielliptone I and Guttiferone E exhibited the most favorable predicted binding affinities, whereas xanthocymol displayed an interaction pattern involving the catalytic residues Cys52 and Cys57. These findings highlight selected putatively annotated metabolites as promising candidates for future biochemical investigation. Overall, these findings highlight C. grandiflora fruits as a promising, previously underexplored source of prenylated benzophenones with antileishmanial activity and the ability to reduce nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts is a key strategy within bionanotechnology, integrating principles of biochemistry, sustainability and technological functionality. This article discusses the biochemical underpinnings of nanoparticle biosynthesis employing plant extracts, emphasizing the role of secondary metabolites such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, reducing sugars, and proteins in the processes of reduction, nucleation, growth, and stabilization of nanomaterials. In addition, the main types of nanoparticles obtained through green routes are discussed and their advantages and limitations compared to conventional chemical synthesis methods are compared, highlighting their greater biocompatibility and lower environmental impact. The review also addresses the biochemical and functional properties of green nanoparticles that position them as functional biomaterials suitable for applications in biosensors. Cases of the use of biosynthesized nanoparticles in detection platforms for biomarkers relevant to human health, such as glucose, lactate and specific antigens, are presented. Finally, the main challenges associated with the reproducibility, standardization and scalability of green synthesis are analyzed and future trends aimed at the development of smart nanoparticles, multi-analyte biosensors and personalized medicine strategies are discussed, within the framework of cyber-human integration