In the span of past few decades, the population, urbanization and industrialization have transformed the mankind living standard and dynamics of the nature. Certainly, energy is the basic need for all living organism. Energy is the route to economic growth. The evidence shows that countries have...

The study has two objectives. First, it experimentally measures the indoor and outdoor temperatures of a building in Peshawar and conducts validation with CFD modeling. Second, it simulates the building with the addition of locally available, natural, and recycled insulator materials on the rooftop to keep the indoor environment within a comfortable temperature range, especially in the winter and summer seasons. To achieve these objectives, experimental temperature data for January and June were recorded and validated, followed by a simulation, using ANSYS-Fluent 16 CFD, of the residential building with the application of waste thermal insulators such as straw bale, sheep wool, and recycled glass materials on the rooftop to reduce the indoor temperature. Experimental temperature measurement showed that the lowest recorded indoor temperature was 15°C on 2 January 2022 and that the highest recorded indoor temperature was 41°C on 11 June. The predicted and validated temperature results were similar, with a slight difference of less than 15%. Recycled glass positively and significantly reduced the indoor temperature in summer by 10.2% and thermal amplitude by 48.3%, with a time lag increase of 100% and an increase in the period of comfort hours of 380%. In winter, the daily average temperature increased by 7.4%, thermal amplitude was reduced by 59.3%, and the time lag increased by 100% in comparison with the baseline case results. The study concludes that recycled glass distribution gives the best improvement compared to straw bale and sheep wool.

The utilization of cenosphere by-product of fly ash as a substitution of sand in concrete is an effective way to reduce thermal conductivity. This study investigates the mechanical and thermal properties of cenosphere substituted in the lightweight concrete. Cenosphere is the recycled material and possesses good thermal insulation properties. Study objectified replacement of sand over the FA cenospher to study the mechanical and thermal properties of the concrete. Experimental setup of the study 10%, 20% and 30% sand by weight is replaced with cenosphere. Concrete specimen prepares and cured for the period of 3, 7 and 28 d. Compressive strength of the concrete is analyzed for 3-7 and 28 d where tensile strength is analyzed for 28 d. Study shows significant improvement in the compressive strength and tensile strength. Thermal conductivity is analyzed for 28 d cured concrete samples using Heat flow FOX-50 instrument. Thermal conductivity reduces by 35% with the replacement of 30% sand over cenosphere which shows the significant reduction. Due to the lower density of cenosphere density of concrete samples reduced which is one of the leading factors to the lower thermal conductivity. Study concluded by replacement of 30% FA cenosphere compressive strength increased conversely thermal conductivity and density of the concrete specimen has reduced.

The particle size (µm) of coal bottom ash displayed significant effects on the concrete engineering properties. This research aims to assess the improvement of engineering properties of concrete containing CBA (fineness: 75 and 100 µm) known as Mix 75 and Mix 100, and to optimize the percentage of coal bottom ash as supplementary cement materials in concrete. The physicochemical properties of coal bottom ash were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, particle size distribution (PSD), and a scanning electron microscope. The strength of concrete was determined based on workability and compressive and splitting tensile strengths. The concrete strength improvement was optimized by response surface methodology. The results of the study showed that coal bottom ash was rich in silicates based on the highest peak at 45°. The scanning electron microscope images showed that coal bottom ash has few cenospheres and components of irregular-shaped char particles. The splitting tensile strengths in 28 curing days gradually decreased with an increase in coal bottom ash. The optimal percentage of coal bottom ash in Mix 75 is equivalent to 6% within 45.4 curing days producing 40 MPa of compressive strength. Meanwhile, the optimal percentage of CBA in Mix 100 is equivalent to 12% within 56 curing days producing 50 MPa of compressive strength. The future works needed to extend the experimental observations are the economic analysis and effect of the greenhouse reduction on the usage of CBA in building infrastructure.

Construction is always a complex in the nature and especially flexible road pavement which is the most prerequisites for the smooth transportation. The country economic growth is linked with smooth and fast transportation network where major transportation carried through road network interconnected cities and now major countries. Durable road pavement structure is an essential but pavement infrastructure is more vulnerable to the several failures among rutting and permanent deformation is the most common. Trial based studies encouraged to reuse waste polymers which may enhance the asphalt pavement. Study has chosen waste crumb rubber and Bakelite to study themechanical properties by addition ratio of 4.0%, 8.0%, 12.0%, 16.0% and 20.0%. Bitumen penetration grade 60/70 and ACW-20 were selected after examine the bitumen and aggregate tests Marshall mixture were designed and tested for density, Marshall stability, flow, air voids and stiffness properties for the control, crumb rubber and Bakelite samples. The encouraging result shows that addition of crumb rubber and Bakelite by 12% significantly improve the properties of asphalt mixture almost double Marshall stability strength compare to the control sample, higher density, control flow within the recommended range and higher stiffness shows strong resistance against rutting and permanent deformation. Study concluded crumb rubber and Bakelite has potential to enhance the mechanical properties and between them Bakelite shows better result in term of higher strength and stiffness.

The study has conducted to determine the workability and compressive strength of the self –compacting concrete. The sand has replaced with quarry dust with the proportion of 10, 20, 30 and 40% and super plasticizer was added 0.9%. The experiments were carried out at the Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL) concrete laboratory. Slump flow, J- Ring tests were carried out to determine the workability of self-compacting concrete and compressive strength test was conducted on 7 days and 28th days of curing period. A finding of the study shows that workability and compressive strength has increased by addition of quarry dust. It is concluded that addition of quarry dust up to 30% improve the workability of the self-compacting concrete and further addition of quarry dust decrease the workability. Additionally, compressive strength of the quarry dust modified self-compacting concrete shows the trend of higher compressive strength up to 30% addition of quarry dust with sand replacement and further addition decrease the compressive strength.