Nanoparticles (NPs) are insoluble particles with a diameter of fewer than 100 nanometers. Two main methods have been utilized in orthodontic therapy to avoid microbial adherence or enamel demineralization. Certain NPs are included in orthodontic adhesives or acrylic resins (fluorohydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, hydroxyapatite, SiO₂, TiO₂, silver, nanofillers), and NPs (i.e., a thin layer of nitrogen-doped TiO₂ on the bracket surfaces) are coated on the surfaces of orthodontic equipment. Although using NPs in orthodontics may open up modern facilities, prior research looked at antibacterial or physical characteristics for a limited period of time, ranging from one day to several weeks, and the limits of in vitro studies must be understood. The long-term effectiveness of nanotechnology-based orthodontic materials has not yet been conclusively confirmed and needs further study, as well as potential safety concerns (toxic effects) associated with NP size.

In order to determine genetic loci associated with decreasing risk of uterine leiomyomata (UL), a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed. We analyzed a group of patients with a family history of UL and a control group consisting of patients without uterine fibroids and a family predisposition to this pathology. Six significant single nucleotide polymorphisms were selected for PCR-genotyping of a large data set of patients with UL. All investigated loci (rs3020434, rs11742635, rs124577644, rs12637801, rs2861221, and rs17677069) demonstrated the lower frequency of minor alleles within a group of women with UL, especially in a subgroup consisting of patients with UL and a familial history of leiomyomata. We also found that the minor allele frequencies of these SNPs in our control group were higher than those across the Caucasian population in all. Based on the obtained data, an evaluation of the common risk of UL was performed. Further work will pave the way to create a specific SNP-panel and allow us to estimate a genotype-based leiomyoma incidence risk. Subsequent studies of genetic variability in a group of patients with a familial predisposition to UL will allow us to make the prediction of the development and course of the disease more individualized, as well as to give our patients personalized recommendations about individual reproductive strategies.

Analysis of MtDNA cytochrome b gene (1140 bp) polymorphism of 106 samples red deer (Cervus elaphus) from different regions of Eurasia was performed; the phylogenetic relationships of groups throughout the entire inhibiting area (including North America) were reconstructed. Totally 75 haplotypes were detected, 33 of which were found in the European and 42 in the Asian part of the area. There were no identical haplotypes for these two parts of the area found. The close relatedness between Siberian red deer (C. e. sibirica) and North American wapiti (C. e. canadensis) was confirmed. Red deer inhibiting Yakutia were close to the Siberian red deer from Altai and Tuva, whereas red deer inhibiting Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk regions formed a separate clade. Overall, the reconstructed phylogeographic pattern of the species was significantly different from the subspecies differentiation based on morphological traits.

Endometriosis is a benign gynecologic disease characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterine cavity. The prevalence of this disease reaches 10—15 per cent among women of reproductive age. There is no single accepted theory of the development of both endometriosis and adenomiosis. This paper presents the genetic aspects of their etiology identified over the last decade. The aim of this literature review is to identify the etiological factors of these diseases for further development of methods of early diagnosis, identification of risk factors of development and recurrence, as well as new methods of treatment based on moleculargenetic features of endometriosis and adenomiosis.

Uterine leiomyomas are the most common benign tumors in women of childbearing age. They may lead to problems of conception or complications during the gestational period. The methods of treatment include surgical (myomectomy and hysterectomy, embolization of arteries) and therapeutic treatment (ulipristal acetate, leuprolide acetate, cetrorelix, goserelin, mifepristone). Both approaches are efficient but incompatible with pregnancy planning. Therefore, there is a call for medical practice to develop therapeutical means of preventing leiomyoma onset in patients planning on becoming pregnant. Based on the analysis of GWAS data on the search for mononucleotide polymorphisms associated with the risk of leiomyoma, in meta-transcriptomic and meta-methylomic studies, target proteins have been proposed. Prospective therapeutic treatments of leiomyoma may be based on chemical compounds, humanized recombinant antibodies, vaccines based on markers of the uterine leiomyoma cells that are absent in the adult organism, or DNA and RNA preparations. Three different nosological forms of the disease associated with driver mutations in the MED12, HMGA2, and FH genes should be considered when developing or prescribing drugs. For example, synthetic inhibitors and vaccines based on matrix metalloproteinases MMP11 and MMP16 are expected to be effective only for the prevention of the occurrence of MED12-dependent nodules.