The increasing demand for food and energy presents challenges for agricultural and energy sustainability, especially in regions with limited arable land. This study analyzed the productivity and morphological adaptations of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in agrivoltaic systems using monofacial, bifacial, and semi-transparent photovoltaic technologies under the high Andean climatic conditions of Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru. The evaluated varieties, Panamito and Chaucha, were cultivated with planting distances of 25 cm and 35 cm. The analyzed variables included plant height, number of trifoliate leaves, number of flowers, number and weight of pods, grain weight, and yield. The experiment was designed with plots under agrivoltaic systems and a conventional system as a control. Environmental parameters such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), irradiance, precipitation, leaf moisture, soil moisture, and ambient temperature were monitored. Results showed that the bifacial system with a planting density of 25 cm was the most efficient, recording a plant height of 139.38 cm, an average grain weight of 67.97 g, and a yield of 700.5 kg/ha, significantly surpassing the conventional system. These findings shows the potential of agrivoltaic systems to enhance agricultural production by efficiently utilizing solar radiation and land, providing an innovative solution for integrating agriculture and energy generation, as well as increasing productivity in scenarios with land-use competition and climatic challenges.

Agrivoltaic systems offer a pathway to simultaneously produce food and electricity, yet their effectiveness depends on how photovoltaic configurations influence crop productivity under specific environmental conditions. This study evaluated land-use efficiency in an Andean–Amazon transition region using monofacial, bifacial, and semitransparent photovoltaic configurations integrated with a maize–bean intercrop. Land-use efficiency was quantified through the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), combining agricultural yield and electrical energy production. All configurations achieved LER values above 1.0, confirming a clear advantage over separate land use. The semitransparent configuration showed the highest LER (1.95–1.99), followed by bifacial (1.66–1.90) and monofacial systems (1.51–1.72). LER variation was driven primarily by crop productivity rather than energy yield, while normalized photovoltaic performance remained stable across configurations. These results demonstrate that agrivoltaic performance is governed by system-level crop response, emphasizing the role of photovoltaic design in optimizing food–energy systems under tropical mountain conditions.

Introduction: Cocoa ( Theobroma cacao L.) production is a key socioeconomic activity for the Awajún Indigenous communities of the Imaza district (Amazonas, Peru), where it represents the principal source of household income. However, limited technical assistance, geographic isolation, and exposure to climate variability create challenges for achieving sustainable production. This study aimed to identify sustainability indicators in cocoa production across economic, social, and environmental dimensions, emphasizing ancestral knowledge and local perceptions of climate change. Methods: A total of 120 cocoa producers from six Awajún communities (Pakuy, Shushug, Shushui, Shushunga, Uyunsa, and Yangunga) were surveyed using structured questionnaires, field observation, and participatory workshops. Quantitative data were analyzed using ANOVA, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). Qualitative information was analyzed through thematic content analysis. Results: Significant differences were found among communities in annual cocoa production (160–770 kg·ha ^-1 ·year ^-1 ), price per kilogram (8.8–14.7 PEN·kg ^-1 ), and access to financial capital ( χ ² = 14.37; p = 0.013). PCA revealed that 52.6% of the observed variance was explained by income diversification, market access, and educational level. Communities with irrigation systems and technical assistance (Uyunsa, Pakuy) exhibited greater productivity, whereas isolated communities (Shushug, Yangunga) showed higher vulnerability to climate variability. Traditional practices—such as the use of Amburana cearensis and Cedrela odorata as shade trees and the burial of organic residues—enhanced agroecosystem resilience. Discussion: The integration of quantitative sustainability metrics with Indigenous ecological knowledge highlights structural inequalities that influence the sustainability of cocoa systems. The findings emphasize the need for differentiated and intercultural public policies that strengthen technical assistance, access to financial services, and territorial governance.

This study evaluated the effect of forced-air solar drying and biogas-assisted hybrid solar drying on the overall quality of dehydrated Andean berries. Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and goldenberry (Physalis peruviana) were analyzed before and after dehydration using two systems: forced-air solar drying (DCFA) and biogas-assisted hybrid solar drying (DCFA-BG). Physicochemical properties, instrumental color, texture, rehydration index, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity were determined. Drying markedly reduced moisture content and water activity in both fruits. In blueberry, DCFA-BG achieved the lowest moisture content (22.00%) and water activity (0.65), whereas goldenberry showed similar final moisture contents under both systems, with lower water activity under DCFA-BG (0.64). Total soluble solids and titratable acidity increased after drying, indicating solute concentration. Color changes were more pronounced in goldenberry, while blueberry showed moderate chromatic variation. Blueberry firmness increased after drying, whereas goldenberry exhibited treatment-dependent textural responses. Blueberry showed greater retention of bioactive properties, with increased antioxidant capacity after drying, whereas goldenberry exhibited substantial reductions in phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity. Overall, biogas-assisted hybrid solar drying effectively reduced moisture content and water activity, although its effects on product quality depended on the fruit matrix. These findings support its potential application as a sustainable alternative for processing perishable fruits in high-Andean rural agroindustrial contexts.