During recent decades, a growing and preoccupying excess of medical interventions during childbirth, even in physiological and uncomplicated births, together with a concerning spread of abusive and disrespectful practices towards women during childbirth across the world, have been reported. Despite research and policy-making to address these problems, changing childbirth practices has proved to be difficult. We argue that the excessive rates of medical interventions and disrespect towards women during childbirth should be analysed as a consequence of structural violence, and that the concept of obstetric violence, as it is being used in Latin American childbirth activism and legal documents, might prove to be a useful tool for addressing structural violence in maternity care such as high intervention rates, non-consented care, disrespect and other abusive practices.

Significant adjustments to maternity care in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the direct impacts of COVID-19 can compromise the quality of maternal and newborn care. To explore how the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected frontline health workers’ ability to provide respectful maternity care globally. We conducted a global online survey of health workers to assess the provision of maternal and newborn healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic. We collected qualitative data between July and December 2020 among a subset of respondents and conducted a qualitative content analysis to explore open-ended responses. Health workers (n = 1127) from 71 countries participated; and 120 participants from 33 countries provided qualitative data. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the provision of respectful maternity care in multiple ways. Six central themes were identified: less family involvement, reduced emotional and physical support for women, compromised standards of care, increased exposure to medically unjustified caesarean section, and staff overwhelmed by rapidly changing guidelines and enhanced infection prevention measures. Further, respectful care provided to women and newborns with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection was severely affected due to health workers’ fear of getting infected and measures taken to minimise COVID-19 transmission. Multidimensional and contextually-adapted actions are urgently needed to mitigate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the provision and continued promotion of respectful maternity care globally in the long-term. The measures taken during the COVID-19 pandemic had the capacity to disrupt the provision of respectful maternity care and therefore the quality of maternity care.

COVID-19 as a risk factor for obstetric violence. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters. Accepted .

Objetivos Indagar sobre las percepciones de adolescentes en torno a la educación sexual en la Región Metropolitana de Chile y el rol de los sectores de salud y educación en esta materia.Métodos Estudio cualitativo etnográfico, cuyo trabajo de campo se llevó a cabo en cinco comunas de la Región Metropolitana de Chile, en cada una de las cuales se abordó unEspacio Amigable para atención adolescente. Se utilizaron las técnicas de entrevistassemi-estructuradas (N=38), grupos de discusión (N=5) y observación participante. Resultados Se identificó una percepción negativa por parte de adolescentes respecto a la educación sexual que reciben. Sostienen la necesidad de información en salud sexual y reproductiva que cubra en profundidad las dimensiones tanto biológicas como emocionales y afectivas de la sexualidad, superando enfoques conservadores y de riesgo en torno a la sexualidad. Se identificaron estrategias innovadoras en salud, centradas en las escuelas, donde los sectores de salud y educación trabajan de manera colaborativa en materia de educación sexual.Discusión Cuando los sectores de salud y educación trabajan de manera colaborativa y coordinada, se da una mejor respuesta a las necesidades de adolescentes en materia deinformación y educación sexual. Si bien este trabajo intersectorial constituye un avance, está pendiente el desafío de incorporar las voces de los adolescentes y sus comunidades, con el fin de planificar programas y políticas de educación sexual que se basen en sus experiencias vitales, avanzando con ello hacia los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de este grupo.

To describe, based on the perceptions of adolescents and health service staff, the ways in which adolescent boys interact with sexual and reproductive health services, the changes perceived in this area over time, and the Espacios Amigables strategy ('Friendly Spaces' for adolescent health) to reach out to boys. An ethnographic, qualitative study was conducted in Friendly Spaces for adolescent and young adult health in five municipalities belonging to Chile's Metropolitan Region. The research methods used were semi-structured interviews (N = 38), discussion groups (N = 5), and participant observation. A masculinities perspective was [TN: "un enfoque de masculinidades". Or simply: "Masculine perspectives were…"] felt to be missing in adolescent sexual and reproductive health care, which is perceived to be an area geared primarily toward females. Most adolescent boys perceive health services as distant and visit them only in case of emergency. Male attendance is low at sexual and reproductive health services in Friendly Spaces within primary health care centers. However, services outside these centers attract boys in larger numbers, for example, one that is exclusively devoted to providing adolescent health care and integrated services in schools. Greater provision of adolescent sexual and reproductive health services does not necessarily translate into increased male access. For such an increase to occur, it is important to engage boys in addressing issues that capture their interest, bring health services closer to them, strengthen intersectoral work, and incorporate a masculinities perspectives in their care.

Background: In Chile, despite its steady decrease overall, adolescent pregnancy is concentrated in the most vulnerable population. Efforts in intersectoral collaboration between health and education to address the problem are being developed, but they have not been assessed. Objective: To describe intersectoral strategies between health and education to address adolescent sexual and reproductive health, prevent adolescent pregnancy, and to explore adolescents’ and health professionals’ perceptions regarding those strategies. Design: A qualitative ethnographic study was carried out in five municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. A sample of five key informants, 23 health professionals and 50 adolescents participated in a total of 38 semi‐structured interviews and five discussion groups. Results: Two intersectoral strategies to respond to adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health needs were identified: (a) the “in‐and‐out” strategy, where health professionals provide health care mostly in health centres and carry out specific actions in schools and (b) the school‐based strategy in which health professionals carry out continuous actions in schools as part of the curriculum. The second is perceived as responding better to adolescents’ needs in sexual and reproductive health issues and in preventing adolescent pregnancy. Discussion: The school‐based strategy, with the constant presence of health professionals and lack of bureaucratic procedures, facilitates adolescents to access sexual and reproductive health care. This strategy enables sexual and reproductive health to be understood as an integral dimension of adolescents’ lives, and it reinforces a holistic idea of health in which it is approached as a whole.