The aim of this study was to investigate the determinants of depression and nutritional status and their associations in patients treated with hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) and the differences according to the type of treatment. There were fifty-three patients treated with maintenance HD and twenty patients treated with PD enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Body composition, anthropometric parameters, and clinical and laboratory parameters were collected for each participant. Depression was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and risk of malnutrition with the Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS). The results suggest a positive association between the level of depression and the percentage of fat mass and obesity parameters in PD and HD participants. Muscle mass and fat-free mass in HD, phase angle (PhA), and serum albumin levels in PD were negatively associated with the value of BDI-II. Participants treated with HD were found to have higher levels of pessimism and loss of interest in sex compared with PD. There is a need to integrate multidisciplinary psychological and nutritional assessment into the usual care of dialysis patients.

There is limited evidence on the associations between dietary patterns, body composition, and nonclassical predictors of worse outcomes such as advanced glycation end products (AGE) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the level of AGE-determined cardiovascular (CV) risk in Dalmatian KTRs and possible associations between AGE, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MeDi), and nutritional status. Eighty-five (85) KTRs were enrolled in this study. For each study participant, data were collected on the level of AGE, as measured by skin autofluorescence (SAF), Mediterranean Diet Serving Score (MDSS), body mass composition, anthropometric parameters, and clinical and laboratory parameters. Only 11.76% of the participants were adherent to the MeDi. Sixty-nine percent (69%) of KTRs had severe CV risk based on AGE, while 31% of KTRs had mild to moderate CV risk. The results of the LASSO regression analysis showed that age, dialysis type, dialysis vintage, presence of CV and chronic kidney disease, C- reactive protein level, urate level, percentage of muscle mass, and adherence to recommendations for nuts, meat, and sweets were identified as positive predictors of AGE. The negative predictors for AGE were calcium, phosphate, cereal adherence according to the MeDi, and trunk fat mass. These results demonstrate extremely low adherence to the MeDi and high AGE levels related CV risk in Dalmatian KTRs. Lifestyle interventions in terms of CV risk management and adherence to the MeDi of KTRs should be taken into consideration when taking care of this patient population.

Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is considered one of the major complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly in dialysis patients. Insufficient energy and protein intake, together with clinical complications, may contribute to the onset and severity of PEW. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the differences in nutritional and hydration status and dietary intake among Dalmatian dialysis patients. Fifty-five hemodialysis (HD) and twenty peritoneal dialysis (PD) participants were included. For each study participant, data about body composition, anthropometric, laboratory, and clinical parameters were obtained. The Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS) and two separate 24-h dietary recalls were used to assess nutritional status and dietary intake. The Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) were calculated to compare actual dietary intake with recommended intake. Additionally, the estimated 10-year survival was calculated using the Charlson Comorbidity Index. The prevalence of malnutrition according to MIS was 47.3% in HD and 45% in PD participants. Significant differences in fat tissue parameters were found between HD and PD participants, whereas significant differences in hydration status and muscle mass parameters were not found. A significant difference in NAR between HD and PD participants was noticed for potassium and phosphorus intake, but not for MAR. MIS correlated negatively with anthropometric parameters, fat mass, visceral fat level and trunk fat mass, and iron and uric acid in HD participants, whereas no significant correlations were found in PD participants. The estimated 10-year survival correlated with several parameters of nutritional status in HD and PD participants, as well as nutrient intake in HD participants. These results indicate a high prevalence of malnutrition and inadequate dietary intake in the Dalmatian dialysis population which, furthermore, highlights the urgent need for individualized and structural nutritional support.

Background/Objectives: Obesity in children and adolescents remains a major health challenge, while Mediterranean diet (MeDi) adherence among children and adolescents is often suboptimal. This study examined MeDi adherence and its association with anthropometric and body composition parameters in children and adolescents with obesity. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 132 participants aged 5–19 years with obesity and was conducted between February 2024 and September 2025 at the Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Split. MeDi adherence was assessed using the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for children and adolescents (KIDMED), and body composition by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Also, anthropometric measurements were recorded, and body mass index z-score adjusted for age and sex (BMI z-score) was calculated. Results: Based on the KIDMED score, 34.8% of participants showed optimal MeDi adherence, 49.2% moderate adherence, and 15.9% very low adherence. Significant inverse correlations were observed between KIDMED scores and body fat mass (kg) (ρ = −0.230, p = 0.008) and trunk fat mass (kg) (ρ = −0.234, p = 0.007), although these associations did not remain statistically significant after Benjamini–Hochberg correction (adjusted p = 0.06 for both). Multivariate linear regression analyses showed no statistically significant associations between KIDMED scores and the examined body fat parameters after adjustment for age and sex (all p > 0.05). Age was positively associated with body fat mass (kg), trunk fat mass (kg), and trunk fat (%) (all p < 0.001), whereas female sex was associated with higher body fat (%) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Adherence to the MeDi was suboptimal in most children and adolescents with obesity. Our findings did not establish a statistically significant association between MeDi adherence and the examined body fat parameters after correction for multiple testing and adjustment for age and sex. Further prospective and intervention studies with a larger number of participants are needed to determine whether improving MeDi adherence can lead to favorable changes in body composition in this population.