Determining the correct height of mountain peaks is vital for tourism, but it is also important as a reference point for devices equipped with GPS (Global Positioning System), e.g., watches or car navigation systems. The peak altitude data are part of geographic and geodetic information. As more modern technologies and equipment become available, their precisions should increase. However, verification of peak heights is usually only conducted for the highest, well-known mountains—lower peaks or mountain passes are rarely verified. Therefore, this study focuses on an investigation of 12 altitude points on a section of the longest and most famous touristic trail in Poland (the Main Beskid Trail), located in the Orava–Żywiec Beskids Mts (Mountains). The aim of this research is to measure and verify the heights of the 12 selected mountain peaks, in addition to evaluating the chosen methods based on the quality of the obtained data and determining their suitability and opportunities for use in further research. Measurements were obtained at the most specific height points—on the 12 highest points of the summits. This study compares two modern measurement techniques: the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR). The obtained results were later compared with those widely used on the internet and in printed materials (period covered: 1884–2015). This analysis demonstrates that lesser-known objects are rarely the subject of remeasurement and significant altitude errors may occur, primarily because the heights originated from a source in the past when modern methods were not available. Our findings indicate that the heights of the peaks presented in cartographic materials are inaccurate. The assumed heights should be corrected by direct measurements using modern techniques.

The coastal zone, the land and sea area bordering the shoreline, is an area with unique intertwining features. This article reveals a new study of the coastal zone as an inseparable whole in three-dimensional (3D) space. The starting points of the study were data from lidar and sonar ranging gathered in a 3D space of an approximately 1-kilometer-long coastal zone of Koprsko primorje. According to these data spatial analyses were made: height or depth analysis, slope and exposure analysis, and classification of land and sea interaction. Special attention was devoted to cliffs, abrasion platforms and underwater stone platforms. Spatial analyses gave a new vision of the coastal zone and revealed new features.

The sea level rise, as a result of climate change, is inevitable and will represent one of the greatest challenges for the coastal regions in the coming years. Therefore, the need to assess and monitor the vulnerability of the coastal regions to these hazards has been of growing interest and has also been highlighted in many recent studies. In this context, the main goal of this paper is to analyse and map the vulnerability of the Slovenian coast to sea level rise, a coastal area historically known to be highly susceptible to coastal flooding and erosion. Since there is no single method for measuring vulnerability, we chose to use an index-based approach that expresses coastal vulnerability through a one-dimensional vulnerability index. The study was conducted using a combination of the Physical Vulnerability Index (PVI) and GIS methods to assess the physical parameters of the coastal region (elevation, coastal slope, coastal orientation, bathymetry, presence/absence of protective structures, beach width, and geomorphological processes) and classify them into five categories of coastal vulnerability. The results show that 7.5% of the coastline can be classified as highly vulnerable and 2.5% as very highly vulnerable.

This study explores the combined use of Multibeam Echosounder (MBES) and Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry for high-resolution underwater mapping in shallow coastal environments. Focusing on Slovenian waters, the methodology was tested in two case studies: the Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows near Koper, and the submerged archaeological site of Fizine. By integrating MBES and optical photogrammetry, the approach combined the spatial precision of sonar data with the detailed visual reconstruction capabilities of photogrammetry. In the case of Posidonia oceanica mapping, this integration enabled the detection of broader meadow structures through MBES, while photogrammetry—both underwater and aerial—allowed for the accurate delineation of meadow boundaries, especially in shallow or visually complex areas. The complementary strengths of the two methods improved the reliability of habitat classification across varying depths and environmental conditions. At the archaeological site of Fizine, MBES provided high-resolution bathymetry and structural layout of the submerged features, while underwater photogrammetry enhanced the spatial detail, capturing fine architectural elements such as stone alignments and basin walls that were not visible in acoustic data alone. Together, the methods produced comprehensive, georeferenced models well-suited for both habitat monitoring and cultural heritage documentation.

The sea level rise, as a result of climate change, is inevitable and will represent one of the greatest challenges for the coastal regions in the coming years. Therefore, the need to assess and monitor the vulnerability of the coastal regions to these hazards has been of growing interest and has also been highlighted in many recent studies. In this context, the main goal of this paper is to analyse and map the vulnerability of the Slovenian coast to sea level rise, a coastal area historically known to be highly susceptible to coastal flooding and erosion. Since there is no single method for measuring vulnerability, we chose to use an index-based approach that expresses coastal vulnerability through a one-dimensional vulnerability index. The study was conducted using a combination of the Physical Vulnerability Index (PVI) and GIS methods to assess the physical parameters of the coastal region (elevation, coastal slope, coastal orientation, bathymetry, presence/absence of protective structures, beach width, and geomorphological processes) and classify them into five categories of coastal vulnerability. The results show that 7.5% of the coastline can be classified as highly vulnerable and 2.5% as very highly vulnerable.

This article presents a new perspective on the study of the spatial distribution of seagrass meadows, which—due to their sensitivity to coastal hydrodynamics, sediment transport, changes in nutrient content, and disruptions due to human intervention in their environment—are a good indirect indicator of the properties of seawater. Monitoring their extent and characteristics is essential for determining the properties of seawater, but this requires developing a precise methodology that involves acquiring data on the occurrence of seagrass meadows and mapping them. The base data for the survey presented are sonar recording and aerial photography data, which were utilized to create a seabed classification using geographic information systems (GIS). This provided information on the extent and characteristics of the seagrass meadows. Spatial analysis offers a new look at the coastal belt and reveals some new features.