This study comprehensively examines the impact of various tensile and shear reinforcement arrangements on the ultimate capacity and failure mode of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. This study encompasses theoretical, experimental, and numerical approaches. The experiment consisted of six beams (three 2.0 m long beams and three beams measuring 1 m in length) and had unique shear and tensile reinforcement setups. Truss bars and stirrups were used as shear reinforcement, while steel plates and bars were used as tensile reinforcement. The objective was to assess and compare the impact of the arrangement of tensile and shear reinforcement on the bending and shear strength of beams. The findings suggest that concrete beams reinforced with steel plates and stirrups had the highest load-carrying capacity when compared with conventional beams. Furthermore, a beam using truss bars with only 51.1% of the shear reinforcement area provided by stirrups achieved approximately 87% of the load capacity of its stirrup-reinforced counterpart. Additionally, increasing the yield strength of the steel plates from 420 MPa to 520 MPa enhanced beam stiffness and resulted in a 6% increase in ultimate load capacity.

The composite concrete-encased steel (CCES) column member is made by the steel section embedded and covered in concrete from all sides. Due to the ability of the composite sections to bear heavy loads while using smaller sections, CCES columns have been widely used. Analytical studies on the CCES columns’ behavior using crushed dolomite coarse aggregate (CDCA) with different shear connectors (SCs) types/shapes and sizes under axial loads are described here. This study also aims to evaluate the current design methods to determine the ultimate capacity of the CCES with CDCA concrete columns using nine available codes. The results show that the finite element (FE) analysis could accurately predict the ultimate capacity of the CCES columns; the column’s capacity improved by about 41.75% as f_cu increased by 60%. Increasing the IPE-shaped steel strength (f_ss) strategy is not very effective and gives brittle behavior even though enhancing the f_ss improves the capacity. The column's capacity increased as the tie stirrups and steel bars ratios increased. The column’s capacity increased by about 17.63%, as steel bars ratios increased by 155.49%. The efficiency factors increased slightly as tie stirrups were raised but slightly decreased as steel bar ratios increased. Using the SCs system increases the columns’ capacity by an average value of about 4.9% of the specimen without SCs. The computed capacities using the nine available codes are conservative and safe. The closest estimates made by the YB9082-06 code are 26% less on average than the test results; in contrast, the safest predictions made by the ECP-LRFD code are 68% less, on average, than test results. Graphical Abstract