In modern years, there has been a large dealing of work toward the area of free radical chemistry. Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are create by our body by various endogenic systems, influence to different physio chemical conditions or unhealthy states. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. If free radicals overwhelm the body's ability to modulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress ensues. Free radicals thus unfavorable alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and activate a number of human diseases. Hence application of external source of antioxidants can assist in coping this oxidative stress. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole have recently been reported to be dangerous for human health. The present review provides a brief overview on oxidative stress mediate cellular damages and role of dietary antioxidants as functional foods in the organization of human diseases. We need to take balance diet which provide much more antioxidants to lower risks of health and run to life longer.The purpose of this review is that we want awareness related to sources of antioxidants from plants and highlight the studies of antioxidants and free radicals which provide prove for maintaining healthy aging. Key words: antioxidant, free radicals, aging, oxidative stress. Graphically Abstract;

The growing demand for natural anti-aging ingredients necessitates scientific validation of traditional cosmetic materials. Multani Mitti (MM), a clay widely used in South Asian traditional skincare, lacks comprehensive chemical and biological characterization. This study employed a multi-analytical approach to investigate MM’s anti-aging potential through chemical analysis, enzyme inhibition studies, and in silico evaluations. Five commercial MM samples were pooled and analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). INAA revealed silicon as the predominant inorganic constituent (169.3742 mg/g), while GC-MS identified 13 bioactive compounds, with Beta-sitosterol (15.45% area), Docosanamide (12.36% area), and Cyclohexasiloxane (9.80% area) being the most abundant. MM demonstrated significant enzyme inhibition against key aging-related enzymes, with notably strong effects on hyaluronidase (IC₅₀: 18 μg/mL) and tyrosinase (IC₅₀: 27 μg/mL), outperforming standard inhibitors. The antioxidant activity showed moderate effectiveness (IC₅₀: 31.938 μg/mL) compared to ascorbic acid (IC₅₀: 8.5 μg/mL). Molecular docking studies of identified compounds against hyaluronidase (PDB: 1FCV) and tyrosinase (PDB: 3NQ1) revealed Beta-sitosterol and Benzyl-piperazine-carboxamide as the most promising candidates, showing strong binding affinities (−8.5 and −8.6 kcal/mol, respectively) and favorable ADMET profiles. This comprehensive characterization provides the first scientific evidence supporting MM’s traditional use in skincare and identifies specific compounds that may contribute to its anti-aging properties, warranting further investigation for modern cosmetic applications.

Insulin resistance, a global metabolic crisis affecting a substantial portion of the world’s population, involves complex metabolic-epigenetic crosstalk that current therapies fail to address. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) progressively silence insulin signaling genes, creating a self-perpetuating cycle of metabolic dysfunction. We present a hypothetical cross-target repurposing strategy leveraging established α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors as potential epigenetic modulators. Through systematic computational screening of 100 natural metabolic enzyme inhibitors against DNMT1 and HDAC3 crystal structures (PBD ID: 3PTA, 4A69), we identified ten dual-target candidates with binding affinities ranging from −8.1 to −10.2 kcal/mol. Kotalanol emerged as the lead compound, demonstrating strong binding to both HDAC3 (−9.8 kcal/mol) and DNMT1 (−10.2 kcal/mol). Molecular docking revealed that polyphenolic metabolic inhibitors share structural features enabling interaction with epigenetic enzyme active sites, particularly zinc-binding motifs and aromatic pockets. ADMET profiling confirmed favorable pharmacokinetic properties for the top candidates. Clinically validated compounds including berberine, curcumin, and EGCG provide proof-of-concept for dual metabolic-epigenetic activity. This repurposing approach offers significant advantages: utilizing compounds with established safety profiles, addressing multiple pathogenic mechanisms simultaneously, and accelerating therapeutic development. By targeting both immediate glucose control and long-term epigenetic preservation, these dual-action compounds could transform diabetes management from symptomatic treatment to mechanistic intervention, potentially reversing insulin resistance progression rather than merely managing hyperglycemia.

Background: Current α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors demonstrate limited therapeutic efficacy and significant gastrointestinal side effects, necessitating identification of novel antidiabetic agents. This study employed integrated computational and experimental approaches to evaluate carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme inhibitory potential of Nardostachys jatamansi and its phytochemicals. Material and methods: Plant extracts were evaluated through enzymatic assays against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Virtual screening of 144 phytochemicals employed molecular docking, followed by molecular dynamics simulations (100 ns) and density functional theory calculations at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level. ADMET profiling assessed drug-likeness potential. Results: N. jatamansi extract demonstrated superior enzyme inhibition compared to acarbose: IC ₅₀ values of α-glucosidase 61.7 ± 3.9 μg/mL and α-amylase 81.3 ± 4.7 μg/mL versus 132.6 ± 7.8 μg/mL and 112.1 ± 6.2 μg/mL respectively. Molecular docking identified Virolin with selective α-glucosidase affinity (−9.6 kcal/mol) and Nardostachysin showing high α-amylase binding (−9.5 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics revealed Nardostachysin-α-amylase complex stability (ΔG = −158.51 kcal/mol) throughout simulation, while Virolin-α-glucosidase complex showed late-stage dissociation. DFT calculations revealed HOMO-LUMO gaps of 4.78 eV (Virolin) and 4.57 eV (Nardostachysin) with distinct dipole moments of 4.83 and 6.29 Debye respectively. ADMET analysis confirmed favorable drug-likeness with complete Lipinski compliance and zero PAINS alerts for both lead compounds. Conclusion: N. jatamansi extract demonstrated experimentally superior enzyme inhibition compared to acarbose, while computational analysis identified Virolin and Nardostachysin as promising drug candidates, establishing a validated integrative approach for accelerating natural product antidiabetic lead discovery.