This study scrutinized the asymmetric impact of oil prices, exchange rate, and inflation on tourism demand in Pakistan using [Shin, Y., Yu, B., & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014) Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear ARDL framework. In Festschrift in honor of peter schmidt (pp. 281–314). New York, NY: Springer] nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. The NARDL bounds test examined the existence of cointegration in study variables, including CO₂ emissions, institutional quality, oil prices, exchange rate, inflation, and tourism demand. The evidence proposes that disregarding the intrinsic nonlinearities may misinform inference. The estimated NARDL model affirmed long-run negative and significant effect of CO₂ emissions on tourism demand, while institutional quality was positively associated with tourism demand. Furthermore, the findings of the study also suggested long-run asymmetric relationship between oil prices, exchange rate, inflation, and tourism demand.

This study examines the nexus between green transformational leadership (GTL) and environmental performance (EP), considering the mediating role of green human resource management (GHRM) and green innovation (GI). Besides, we also find the moderating effects of environmental values (EV) between GTL and EP. This study collected data from 110 respondents using a survey questionnaire from small and medium enterprises and employed structural equation modeling. The findings confirm a positive and significant effect of GTL on EP. Furthermore, mediation analysis confirms that GHRM and GI positively mediate between GTL and EP. Moreover, it is also confirmed from structural equation modelling that EV play moderating role between GTL and EP. These results offer valuable recommendations for all stakeholders.