The present study aimed to develop a novel temperature and pressure-controlled hybrid system (Cent-Hydro) for large-scale nanofiber production. Nanofibers from a hydrophilic carrier matrix were prepared using the Cent-Hydro system. This study explores the effect of increasing working temperature on the surface tension and viscosity of polymer solutions. The Cent-Hydro system was calibrated through the process of jet formation, and spinning parameters were identified for the jet path. The formation of fingers in front of the thin liquid occurred due to Rayleigh–Taylor instability, and a lower concentration of polymer solution favoured the development of thinner and longer fingers. The critical angular velocity and initial velocity for jet formation were obtained when the balance between surface tension, centrifugal force, and viscous force was achieved. The effect of increasing rotational speed and working temperature on finger velocity and length was experimentally evaluated, concluding that an increase in working temperature increases finger velocity and length. Additionally, the effect of increasing rotational speed, polymer concentration, and working temperature on the diameter of the nanofiber was evaluated. Overall, the Cent-Hydro system presents a compelling proposition for large-scale nanofiber production, offering distinct advantages over conventional methods and paving the way for advancements in various applications.

Children are often underserved by adult-oriented oral medicines, leading to off-label use and dosage-form manipulation that may compromise dosing accuracy. This review summarises recent advances in paediatric orodispersible tablets (ODTs), focusing on manufacturing technologies, superdisintegrants, taste masking, and in vitro disintegration testing. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidance and a protocol registered with the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (registration number INPLASY2025110022), we searched PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar for experimental studies on paediatric-relevant ODT formulation and evaluation. Two reviewers screened studies and extracted data on manufacturing methods, excipients, disintegration/dissolution testing, and key outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using a six-domain framework. Overall, 65 studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. Direct compression was the dominant method, with freeze-drying, sublimation, spray-drying, nanoparticle-in-tablet systems, and semi-solid extrusion/3D printing also reported. Crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, and sodium starch glycolate were the most common superdisintegrants, while natural and co-processed disintegrants showed promise as cost-effective alternatives. Disintegration was usually assessed using pharmacopoeial methods, with some modified set-ups to better simulate oral conditions. Paediatric ODT development is advancing rapidly. Broader translation requires harmonised disintegration testing, age-stratified acceptability reporting, and GMP-ready workflows, alongside benchmarking of superdisintegrants and attention to dose flexibility, packaging, and affordability.

Background: Children are often underserved by oral medicines designed for adults, leading to off-label use and workarounds that risk dosing inaccuracy. Objective: To synthesise recent advances in paediatric orodispersible tablets (ODTs), covering manufacturing technologies, disintegrant choices, taste-masking strategies and in-vitro disintegration methods. Methods: Following PRISMA, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar for experimental studies formulating ODTs relevant to paediatric use. Two reviewers screened records and extracted data on technology, excipients, disintegration/dissolution testing and key outcomes; risk of bias was evaluated using a six-domain framework. Results: Sixty-four studies met inclusion criteria. Direct compression was the predominant approach, with additional use of freeze-drying, sublimation, spray-drying, nanoparticle-in-tablet systems, and semi-solid extrusion/3D printing for personalised dosing. Crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate were the most frequent superdisintegrants; natural and co-processed systems showed promise as cost-effective alternatives. Disintegration time was commonly assessed with pharmacopoeial methods, but multiple modified set-ups were reported to better simulate oral conditions. Conclusions: Paediatric ODT development has accelerated, with direct compression remaining first-line and 3D-printing emerging for dose individualisation. Though paediatric ODTs are now a practical platform, translation hinges on three priorities: (i) harmonised, physiologically relevant disintegration tests aligned with Ph. Eur./USP; (ii) routine, age-stratified acceptability reporting alongside in-vitro data; and (iii) GMP-ready workflows. Head-to-head benchmarking of co-processed and natural/synthetic superdisintegrants using common endpoints, plus attention to dose flexibility, heat-stable packaging, and affordability, will accelerate equitable uptake.