Mapping the subsurface temperatures can efficiently lead to identifying the geothermal distribution heat flow and potential hot spots at different depths. In this paper, an advanced adaptive multitask deep learning procedure for 3D spatial mapping of the subsurface temperature was proposed. As a result, predictive 3D spatial subsurface temperatures at different depths were successfully generated using geolocation of 494 exploratory boreholes data in Catalonia (Spain). To increase the accuracy of the achieved results, hybridization with a new modified firefly algorithm was carried out. Subsequently, uncertainty analysis using a novel automated ensemble deep learning approach for the predicted temperatures and generated spatial 3D maps were executed. Comparing the accuracy performances in terms of correct classification rate (CCR) and the area under the precision–recall curves for validation and whole datasets with at least 4.93% and 2.76% improvement indicated for superiority of the hybridized model. According to the results, the efficiency of the proposed hybrid multitask deep learning in 3D geothermal characterization to enhance the understanding and predictability of subsurface spatial distribution of temperatures is inferred. This implies that the applicability and cost effectiveness of the adaptive procedure in producing 3D high resolution depth dependent temperatures can lead to locate prospective geothermally hotspot active regions.

Effective categorization of geothermal resources is essential for strategic and sustainable energy development. Despite the considerable geothermal potential in Spain, utilization remains limited, underscoring the need for advanced and practical assessment methods. This study proposes a structured framework for geothermal resource classification in Catalonia, based on a constructed matrix of features that integrates subsurface temperature, geothermal gradient, and thermal conductivity. The matrix enables resource clustering into potential classes, improving interpretability and regional assessment. The analysis employed predictions from a pretrained hybrid artificial intelligence model optimized using a modified Bat algorithm. At depths between 50 and 150 m, a 20–30% increase in temperature leads to a 30–50% rise in geothermal potential. Approximately 11.5% of sites exhibit high potential and 28.2% moderate potential, indicating the reliability of the adopted framework for geothermal energy source site prioritization. The proposed matrix offers a scalable tool for geothermal evaluation, minimizing exploration risk and supporting sustainable energy planning across diverse geological settings.