Brain tumors are most common in children and the elderly. It is a serious form of cancer caused by uncontrollable brain cell growth inside the skull. Tumor cells are notoriously difficult to classify due to their heterogeneity. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are the most widely used machine learning algorithm for visual learning and brain tumor recognition. This study proposed a CNN-based dense EfficientNet using min-max normalization to classify 3260 T1-weighted contrast-enhanced brain magnetic resonance images into four categories (glioma, meningioma, pituitary, and no tumor). The developed network is a variant of EfficientNet with dense and drop-out layers added. Similarly, the authors combined data augmentation with min-max normalization to increase the contrast of tumor cells. The benefit of the dense CNN model is that it can accurately categorize a limited database of pictures. As a result, the proposed approach provides exceptional overall performance. The experimental results indicate that the proposed model was 99.97% accurate during training and 98.78% accurate during testing. With high accuracy and a favorable F1 score, the newly designed EfficientNet CNN architecture can be a useful decision-making tool in the study of brain tumor diagnostic tests.

Disease diagnosis is a critical task which needs to be done with extreme precision. In recent times, medical data mining is gaining popularity in complex healthcare problems based disease datasets. Unstructured healthcare data constitutes irrelevant information which can affect the prediction ability of classifiers. Therefore, an effective attribute optimization technique must be used to eliminate the less relevant data and optimize the dataset for enhanced accuracy. Type 2 Diabetes, also called Pima Indian Diabetes, affects millions of people around the world. Optimization techniques can be applied to generate a reliable dataset constituting of symptoms that can be useful for more accurate diagnosis of diabetes. This study presents the implementation of a new hybrid attribute optimization algorithm called Enhanced and Adaptive Genetic Algorithm (EAGA) to get an optimized symptoms dataset. Based on readings of symptoms in the optimized dataset obtained, a possible occurrence of diabetes is forecasted. EAGA model is further used with Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) to determine the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes in patients based on the symptoms detected. The proposed classification approach was named as Enhanced and Adaptive-Genetic Algorithm-Multilayer Perceptron (EAGA-MLP). It is also implemented on seven different disease datasets to assess its impact and effectiveness. Performance of the proposed model was validated against some vital performance metrics. The results show a maximum accuracy rate of 97.76% and 1.12 s of execution time. Furthermore, the proposed model presents an F-Score value of 86.8% and a precision of 80.2%. The method is compared with many existing studies and it was observed that the classification accuracy of the proposed Enhanced and Adaptive-Genetic Algorithm-Multilayer Perceptron (EAGA-MLP) model clearly outperformed all other previous classification models. Its performance was also tested with seven other disease datasets. The mean accuracy, precision, recall and f-score obtained was 94.7%, 91%, 89.8% and 90.4%, respectively. Thus, the proposed model can assist medical experts in accurately determining risk factors of type 2 diabetes and thereby help in accurately classifying the presence of type 2 diabetes in patients. Consequently, it can be used to support healthcare experts in the diagnosis of patients affected by diabetes.

Recent imaging science and technology discoveries have considered hyperspectral imagery and remote sensing. The current intelligent technologies, such as support vector machines, sparse representations, active learning, extreme learning machines, transfer learning, and deep learning, are typically based on the learning of the machines. These techniques enrich the processing of such three-dimensional, multiple bands, and high-resolution images with their precision and fidelity. This article presents an extensive survey depicting machine-dependent technologies’ contributions and deep learning on landcover classification based on hyperspectral images. The objective of this study is three-fold. First, after reading a large pool of Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, SCI, and SCIE-indexed and SCIE-related articles, we provide a novel approach for review work that is entirely systematic and aids in the inspiration of finding research gaps and developing embedded questions. Second, we emphasize contemporary advances in machine learning (ML) methods for identifying hyperspectral images, with a brief, organized overview and a thorough assessment of the literature involved. Finally, we draw the conclusions to assist researchers in expanding their understanding of the relationship between machine learning and hyperspectral images for future research.

There is a consistent rise in chronic diseases worldwide. These diseases decrease immunity and the quality of daily life. The treatment of these disorders is a challenging task for medical professionals. Dimensionality reduction techniques make it possible to handle big data samples, providing decision support in relation to chronic diseases. These datasets contain a series of symptoms that are used in disease prediction. The presence of redundant and irrelevant symptoms in the datasets should be identified and removed using feature selection techniques to improve classification accuracy. Therefore, the main contribution of this paper is a comparative analysis of the impact of wrapper and filter selection methods on classification performance. The filter methods that have been considered include the Correlation Feature Selection (CFS) method, the Information Gain (IG) method and the Chi-Square (CS) method. The wrapper methods that have been considered include the Best First Search (BFS) method, the Linear Forward Selection (LFS) method and the Greedy Step Wise Search (GSS) method. A Decision Tree algorithm has been used as a classifier for this analysis and is implemented through the WEKA tool. An attribute significance analysis has been performed on the diabetes, breast cancer and heart disease datasets used in the study. It was observed that the CFS method outperformed other filter methods concerning the accuracy rate and execution time. The accuracy rate using the CFS method on the datasets for heart disease, diabetes, breast cancer was 93.8%, 89.5% and 96.8% respectively. Moreover, latency delays of 1.08 s, 1.02 s and 1.01 s were noted using the same method for the respective datasets. Among wrapper methods, BFS’ performance was impressive in comparison to other methods. Maximum accuracy of 94.7%, 95.8% and 96.8% were achieved on the datasets for heart disease, diabetes and breast cancer respectively. Latency delays of 1.42 s, 1.44 s and 132 s were recorded using the same method for the respective datasets. On the basis of the obtained result, a new hybrid Attribute Evaluator method has been proposed which effectively integrates enhanced K-Means clustering with the CFS filter method and the BFS wrapper method. Furthermore, the hybrid method was evaluated with an improved decision tree classifier. The improved decision tree classifier combined clustering with classification. It was validated on 14 different chronic disease datasets and its performance was recorded. A very optimal and consistent classification performance was observed. The mean values for accuracy, specificity, sensitivity and f-score metrics were 96.7%, 96.5%, 95.6% and 96.2% respectively.