Tillage practices are essential in agriculture for soil preparation, residue management and weed control, significantly influencing soil health and productivity. Historically evolving from manual tools to mechanised methods, tillage impacts soil structure, water and nutrient cycles. This review evaluates conventional, reduced and no‐till systems concerning their effects on greenhouse gas emissions (CO ₂ , N ₂ O, CH ₄ ), soil health and agricultural sustainability. Conventional tillage intensifies CO ₂ emissions through soil disturbance and organic matter decomposition, while reduced and no‐till systems decrease CO ₂ and mitigate N ₂ O and CH ₄ emissions. Moreover, no‐till enhances water retention, improving drought resilience and sustainable water management. Conservation tillage practices emerge as pivotal strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and advancing agricultural sustainability through improved soil health and water retention.

Soil carbon sequestration is a vital ecosystem function that mitigates climate change by absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂). Root characteristics such as depth, diameter, length, and branching pattern affect soil carbon dynamics through root-soil interactions and organic matter breakdown. Here we review field surveys, laboratory analysis, and mathematical modeling to understand how root structures affect soil carbon storage. Further, certain root features increase soil carbon sequestration, suggesting that selective breeding and genetic engineering of plants could maximize this ecological benefit. However, more research is needed to understand the complex interactions between roots, soil biota, and soil organic matter under changing environmental conditions. In addition, the benefit of climate change mitigation methods and soil carbon models from the inclusion of root architecture was reviewed. Studies in the realm of root-soil interactions encompass a variety of academic fields, including agronomy, ecology, soil science, and plant physiology. Insights into how roots interact with their soil environment and the effects of these interactions on plant health, agricultural productivity, and environmental sustainability have been gained through this research.