In this article, we study heat transfer enhancement of water based nanofluids with application to automotive radiators. In this respect, we consider here three types of different nanoparticles viz. copper oxide (CuO), Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The dynamics of the flow in a radiator is governed by set of partial differential equations (PDEs) along with boundary conditions which are formulated. Suitable similarity transformations are utilized to convert the PDEs into their respective system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The boundary value problem is solved using Shooting method embedded with Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RK-5) numerical scheme. Effects of different physical parameters are studied on profiles of velocity and temperature fields at boundary. In addition, influence of nanoparticle concentration factor on the local coefficient of skin-friction and Nusselt number is analyzed. We conclude that water based nanofluids with copper oxide nano-particles have a much higher heat transfer rate than the Al₂O₃-water and TiO₂-water nanofluids. Moreover, larger the concentration of the CuO nanoparticles in the base fluid higher is the heat transfer rate of CuO-water nanofluid.

This article explores the properties of heat and mass transport for MHD Casson nanofluid flow between two horizontal plates by considering the Darcy–Forchheimer medium. The effects of a uniform inclined magnetic field are discussed numerically. A Darcy–Forchheimer medium is considered in the x-direction between two plates. The features of Brownian diffusive motion, porosity, friction, viscous dissipation, chemical reaction, and thermophoresis are also considered. The governing equations of the model are a system of partial differential equations. This system is converted into non-linear ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity functions. The numerical shooting technique is used to solve the attained boundary value problem. This numerical technique is endowed with the Runge–Kutta order four method and the Newton method. Graphs and tables depict different significant effects. It is observed that the effect of a magnetic field is inversely related to the fluid flow. Moreover, the porosity factor (λ) and the magnetic inclination (γ) are inversely related to the surface drag force (C_f) and the Nusselt number (N_u).

In this article, a non-Fourier approach to model the heat transfer phenomenon in nanofluids having application to automotive industry is studied. In this respect, a recently proposed hyperbolic heat flux equation is embedded into the heat energy equation and thereby incorporating the effect of thermal relaxation time. Nanofluids are formed by considering copper oxide (CuO), Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) nano-solid particles in the base fluid. The flow governing system of PDEs along with boundary conditions is transformed into its respective coupled system of nonlinear ODEs using suitable similarity functions. Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RK-5) numerical scheme embedded with shooting method is implemented and used to solve the obtained boundary value problem. Numerical simulations are performed and tabulated to analyze the influence of solid volume fraction on local coefficient of skin-friction and Nusselt number. A comparison is made between the results by Fourier and present heat flux model. We conclude that the presented new approach is more general and thus allows predicting the influence of thermal relaxation time on the heat transfer characteristics. Moreover, consideration of present model over the Fourier model helps to predict the actual temporal behavior of solution.

This study aims to bridge the gap by conducting a numerical analysis of Maxwell fluid behaviour on a perpendicular plate within a porous medium, considering both chemical reaction and heat generation. The investigation also encompasses the study of energy and mass transfer within magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Maxwell fluids. We utilise a transformation technique employing similarity variables to address the challenge posed by the nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). These transformed equations are subsequently solved via the bvp4c solver in MATLAB. The obtained results exhibit a high degree of agreement with the previously published work. The study systematically explores the influence of chemical reaction, energy generation, and Deborah number parameters on temperature and velocity, as well as concentration, presenting the outcomes graphically. In addition, we calculate local Sherwood numbers, Nusselt numbers, and skin friction coefficients to assess the impact of chemical reactions. Our findings notably indicate that Sherwood numbers and skin friction coefficients increase with higher levels of chemical reaction, while local Nusselt numbers decrease as chemical reactions become more pronounced. By studying Maxwell fluid flow over a perpendicular plate with chemical reactions, this research contributes to optimizing processes, enhancing product quality, and providing deeper insights into the behaviour of complex fluids in real-world scenarios.