In recent years, the development of lightweight electrode materials with excellent performance (energy density versus power density) has increased the number of uses for supercapacitors. Creating three-dimensional skeletal network structures with excellent specific capacitance and high energy density is still challenging. This study utilized a straightforward one-pot hydrothermal technique to construct a supercapacitor based on hydrogel 3D skeletal networks comprising rGO nanosheets with VS₂/WS₂ nanoparticles. The rGO appeared as flakes and layers, interconnected in nature, allowing for more ion transport pathways and a larger active surface area for EDLC performance. The heterostructured VS₂ and WS₂ nanoparticles were homogeneously anchored to the rGO layers and were porous in the hydrogel structure. The functioning rGO, rGO-VS₂, and rGO-VS₂-WS₂ composite hydrogel electrodes were created without a binder on the Ni foam current collector using a hydraulic press. The rGO-VS₂-WS₂ composite hydrogel electrode showed excellent supercapacitor performance of 220 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ in 3M KOH electrolyte, which was more than those of the GO (158 F g⁻¹) and rGO-VS₂ (199 F g⁻¹) hydrogels under similar conditions. Hydrogel electrodes made of rGO-VS₂-WS₂ had a power density of 355 Whkg⁻¹ and a high energy density of 30.55 Whkg⁻¹. It maintained a high energy density of up to 21.11 W/kg⁻¹, even at a high power density of 3454 W/kg⁻¹. Given the 3D shape and the excellent surface properties of rGO nanosheets with VS₂ and WS₂ nanoparticles as the hydrogel, this electrode has essential properties that make it a good choice for making high-performance capacitors.

The development of environmentally friendly technology is vital to effectively address the issues related to environmental deterioration. This work integrates ZnO-decorated MoS₂ (MZ) to create a high-performing PVDF-based PVDF/MoS₂-ZnO (PMZ) hybrid polymer composite film for sonocatalytic organic pollutant degradation. An efficient synergistic combination of MZ was identified by altering the ratio, and its influence on PVDF was assessed using diverse structural, morphological, and sonocatalytic performances. The PMZ film demonstrated very effective sonocatalytic characteristics by degrading rhodamine B (RhB) dye with a degradation efficiency of 97.23%, whereas PVDF only degraded 17.7%. Combining MoS₂ and ZnO reduces electron–hole recombination and increases the sonocatalytic degradation performance. Moreover, an ideal piezoelectric PVDF polymer with MZ enhances polarization to improve redox processes and dye degradation, ultimately increasing the degradation efficiency. The degradation efficiency of RhB was seen to decrease while employing isopropanol (IPA) and p-benzoquinone (BQ) due to the presence of reactive oxygen species. This suggests that the active species •O₂⁻ and •OH are primarily responsible for the degradation of RhB utilizing PMZ2 film. The PMZ film exhibited improved reusability without substantially decreasing its catalytic activity. The superior embellishment of ZnO onto MoS₂ and effective integration of MZ into the PVDF polymer film results in improved degrading performance.

Electrochemical water oxidation is a grave half-reaction in overall water splitting. However, its practical efficiency is largely restricted by sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics and the poor electrical conductivity of many transition-metal oxide catalysts. Herein, we report a rationally engineered molybdenum oxide-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (MoO₃-PEDOT:PSS) hybrid electrocatalyst designed to enhance interfacial charge transport and accelerate alkaline OER kinetics. The MoO₃ framework was first grown on carbon cloth through a hydrothermal route, accompanied by PEDOT:PSS surface modification using a simple immersion strategy. The conformal deposition of PEDOT:PSS onto molybdenum oxide nanostructures establishes a highly conductive and electronically coupled interface that significantly accelerates charge transport and optimizes adsorption energetics of reaction intermediates. Benefiting from the optimized integration of conductive PEDOT:PSS with the MoO₃ framework, the MoO₃-PEDOT:PSS-2 electrode delivers enhanced OER activity with a low overpotential of 302.4 mV at 10 mA cm⁻², a Tafel slope of 65.9 mV dec⁻¹, and stable performance after 5000 CV cycles and 30 h chronopotentiometry. In particular, the PEDOT:PSS layer not only facilitates efficient electron transport but also stabilizes the reconstructed active phases during prolonged operation, thereby suppressing performance degradation. This work highlights the critical role of polymer-assisted interfacial electronic modulation in transition metal oxides and provides a versatile strategy for designing next-generation, binder-free electrocatalysts for effectual and durable water oxidation.