Automated brain tumor segmentation from MRI images is critical for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. This study presents a novel ResUNet50-based approach, integrating ResNet50 as an encoder within the U-Net framework to achieve robust and precise segmentation. The proposed model was evaluated on two datasets: a Kaggle-based T1-CE MRI dataset and BraTS 2018, ensuring comprehensive assessment across different imaging conditions. ResUNet50 outperformed state-of-the-art models, achieving Dice coefficients exceeding 0.95 and Jaccard indices above 0.91 on the Kaggle dataset. Additionally, experiments on BraTS 2018 Whole Tumor segmentation across multiple MRI modalities (FLAIR, T1, T1-CE, and T2) demonstrated high accuracy on both High-Grade Gliomas (HGG) and Low-Grade Gliomas (LGG), confirming model generalization. Statistical significance tests (Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Tests, p < 0.05) validated the improvements over existing approaches. Furthermore, ResUNet50 reduced parameters by over 60% and accelerated inference time by 4.8× compared to U-Net, enhancing its potential for clinical deployment. Future work will focus on ensemble learning and bio-inspired optimization for improved robustness across multi-center MRI datasets. Explainable AI techniques such as Grad-CAM and saliency maps will be incorporated to enhance interpretability, improving clinical applicability.

Reviews are a form of user experience information on a product or service that can be used as a reference for potential consumers’ preferences to buy, use, or consume a product. They can be also used by business entities to find out public opinion about their product or the performance of their business products. It will be very difficult to process the review data manually and it will take a long time. Therefore, sentiment analysis automation can be used to get polarity information from existing reviews. In this study, IndoBERT with Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN) was used to automate sentiment analysis of Indonesian reviews. The data used was a sentiment analysis dataset obtained from IndoNLU with sentiment consisting of negative sentiment, neutral sentiment, and positive sentiment. The results of the test showed that IndoBERT with the Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN) had better results than the IndoBERT base. IndoBERT with Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN) obtained 95.16% accuracy, 94.05% precision, 92.74% recall and 93.27% f1 score.

Accurate medical image segmentation is paramount for precise diagnosis and treatment in modern healthcare. This research presents a comprehensive study of the efficacy of particle swarm optimization (PSO) combined with histogram equalization (HE) preprocessing for medical image segmentation, focusing on lung CT scan and chest X-ray datasets. Best-cost values reveal the PSO algorithm’s performance, with HE preprocessing demonstrating significant stabilization and enhanced convergence, particularly for complex lung CT scan images. Evaluation metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score/Dice, specificity, and Jaccard, show substantial improvements with HE preprocessing, emphasizing its impact on segmentation accuracy. Comparative analyses against alternative methods, such as Otsu, Watershed, and K-means, confirm the competitiveness of the PSO-HE approach, especially for chest X-ray images. The study also underscores the positive influence of preprocessing on image clarity and precision. These findings highlight the promise of the PSO-HE approach for advancing the accuracy and reliability of medical image segmentation and pave the way for further research and method integration to enhance this critical healthcare application.

Text annotation is an essential element of the natural language processing approaches. The manual annotation process performed by humans has various drawbacks, such as subjectivity, slowness, fatigue, and possibly carelessness. In addition, annotators may annotate ambiguous data. Therefore, we have developed the concept of automated annotation to get the best annotations using several machine-learning approaches. The proposed approach is based on an ensemble algorithm of meta-learners and meta-vectorizer techniques. The approach employs a semi-supervised learning technique for automated annotation to detect hate speech. This involves leveraging various machine learning algorithms, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Naive Bayes (NB), in conjunction with Word2Vec and TF-IDF text extraction methods. The annotation process is performed using 13,169 Indonesian YouTube comments data. The proposed model used a Stemming approach using data from Sastrawi and new data of 2245 words. Semi-supervised learning uses 5%, 10%, and 20% of labeled data compared to performing labeling based on 80% of the datasets. In semi-supervised learning, the model learns from the labeled data, which provides explicit information, and the unlabeled data, which offers implicit insights. This hybrid approach enables the model to generalize and make informed predictions even when limited labeled data is available (based on self-learning). Ultimately, this enhances its ability to handle real-world scenarios with scarce annotated information. In addition, the proposed method uses a variety of thresholds for matching words labeled with hate speech ranging from 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, to 0.9. The experiments indicated that the DT-TF-IDF model has the best accuracy value of 97.1% with a scenario of 5%:80%:0.9. However, several other methods have accuracy above 90%, such as SVM (TF-IDF and Word2Vec) and KNN (Word2Vec), based on both text extraction methods in several test scenarios.

Accurate segmentation of brain tumors in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains a challenging task due to heterogeneous tumor structures, varying intensities across modalities, and limited annotated data. Deep learning has significantly advanced segmentation accuracy; however, it often suffers from sensitivity to hyperparameter settings and limited generalization. To overcome these challenges, bio-inspired metaheuristic algorithms have been increasingly employed to optimize various stages of the deep learning pipeline—including hyperparameter tuning, preprocessing, architectural design, and attention modulation. This review systematically examines developments from 2015 to 2025, focusing on the integration of nature-inspired optimization methods such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Differential Evolution (DE), Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), and novel hybrids including CJHBA and BioSwarmNet into deep learning-based brain tumor segmentation frameworks. A structured multi-query search strategy was executed using Publish or Perish across Google Scholar and Scopus databases. Following PRISMA guidelines, 3895 records were screened through automated filtering and manual eligibility checks, yielding a curated set of 106 primary studies. Through bibliometric mapping, methodological synthesis, and performance analysis, we highlight trends in algorithm usage, application domains (e.g., preprocessing, architecture search), and segmentation outcomes measured by metrics such as Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC), Jaccard Index (JI), Hausdorff Distance (HD), and ASSD. Our findings demonstrate that bio-inspired optimization significantly enhances segmentation accuracy and robustness, particularly in multimodal settings involving FLAIR and T1CE modalities. The review concludes by identifying emerging research directions in hybrid optimization, real-time clinical applicability, and explainable AI, providing a roadmap for future exploration in this interdisciplinary domain.