In order to study the muscle quality of different crustaceans, we aim to provide a comprehensive assessment of their muscle quality characteristics as a theoretical reference. In this work, seven major species of farmed and consumer crustaceans were selected, including crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), kuruma prawns (Penaeus japonicus), river prawns (Macrobranchium nipponense), and Chinese shrimp (Penaeus chinensis). Their morphometric parameters, nutritional composition, textural properties, and physical and chemical indexes were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the meat content (MC, about 14.78%) of crayfish was significantly lower than that of the other six species. By contrast, pacific white shrimp had the highest MC, although the MCs of black tiger shrimp, kuruma prawns, and Chinese shrimp are greater than 40%. All seven crustacean species were high in protein and low in fat, while pacific white shrimp had the highest crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash content compared to the other crustaceans. The content of threonine (Thr) was the highest in crayfish. The content of methionine (Met) and lysine (Lys) was the highest in freshwater prawns. The content of isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), and non–essential amino acid (NEAA) was the highest in pacific white shrimp. C18:2n-6 (linoleic acid, LA) was the highest in freshwater prawns and pacific white shrimp; C18:3n-3 (linolenic acid, LNA), C20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid, AA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were all the highest in crayfish; and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was the highest in freshwater prawns, but the content was not significantly different from crayfish, pacific white shrimp, black tiger shrimp, and Chinese shrimp. Pacific white shrimp had the highest values for hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The redness values of crayfish, black tiger shrimp, and Chinese shrimp were significantly higher than those of the other three species except kuruma prawns. Compared to other crustaceans, river prawns had the highest drip loss and cooking loss. Black tiger shrimp and Chinese shrimp had the lowest cooking loss rates. The research shows that the tail muscle of the seven species of crustaceans is rich in protein, essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids and low in fat, representing a high-quality protein. Among these crustaceans, the main essential amino acids and essential fatty acids in the tail muscle of pacific white shrimp, freshwater prawns, and crayfish are higher in content and better in nutritional value.

An 8-week rearing trial was designed to estimate the dietary protein requirement and evaluate the effects of dietary protein on growth performance, plasma parameters, and digestive enzyme activities of blunt snout bream at two growth stages. Six practical diets were prepared to feed two sizes of fish (larger fish: initial weight of 153.69 ± 0.85 g; smaller fish: initial weight of 40.89 ± 0.28 g) with graded protein levels (26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, and 36%). Our results show that the final weight, weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR) of the fish initially rose to peak values and then declined as the dietary protein levels increased. The higher WG and SGR were recorded in the larger fish fed diets containing 30%, 32%, and 34% protein, and in the smaller fish fed a 30% protein diet, all significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the feed conversion ratio (FCR), viscerosomatic ratio (VR), hepatosomatic index (HSI), condition factor (CF), or survival rate among the treatments at both growth stages (p > 0.05). The plasma total protein (TP) content was highest at both growth stages in fish fed a 30% protein diet (p < 0.05). As the dietary protein level increased, the plasma urea content of the larger fish increased, peaked in the 34% protein group (p < 0.05), and then remained stable. In contrast, no significant difference in the plasma urea content was seen among the treatment groups of the smaller fish (p > 0.05). Protease activity in the fish foregut at both growth stages peaked in the 32% protein group (p < 0.05). In the midgut of the larger fish, protease activity was higher in the control group, while in the smaller fish, it was higher in the 36% protein group (p < 0.05). In the larger fish, hindgut protease activity was higher in the 34% protein group (p < 0.05), while in the smaller fish, there was no significant difference in the hindgut protease activity among all groups (p > 0.05). The dietary protein levels had no significant effect on lipase activity in the foregut, midgut, or hindgut, or on amylase activity in the foregut or midgut of the fish at the two growth stages (p > 0.05). However, hindgut amylase activity was highest in the control group of the smaller fish (p < 0.05). Based on regression analysis, the optimal dietary protein levels for the larger and smaller fish were 30.45% and 29.95%, respectively. Overall, appropriate dietary protein levels (30%) could improve the growth performance, immune function, and health status of fish at two growth stages and promote the adaptive response of their digestive system, especially the spatial regulation of protease activity in different gastrointestinal regions.

A suitable feed size has a positive effect on animal feeding. For aquatic larvae, the correct feed size is very important for their growth. This experiment analyzed and compared the effect of different particle sizes of feed for larval stages on the growth performance, whole body composition, and muscle amino acid and fatty acid composition of crayfish. Five larval crayfish diets of different particle sizes, namely < 0.40 mm (Group A, control group), 0.40–0.50 mm (Group B), 0.71–0.85 mm (Group C), 0.90–1.00 mm (Group D) and 1.5 mm (Group E), were fed to 2000 crayfish (initial weight 0.0786 ± 0.0031 g) for 100 d. The results showed that as the particle size increased, final weight, weight gain (WG, p = 0.001) and specific growth rate (SGR, p = 0.000) of the crayfish tended to increase and then leveled off, with the control group being the lowest. The feed conversion ratio (FCR, p = 0.000) showed a decreasing and then equalizing trend with increasing particle size, but there was no significant difference between the groups except the control group. Broken-line regression analysis showed that the critical values for the appropriate particle feed size for crayfish larvae were 0.55 mm and 0.537 mm using SGR and FCR as indicators. Groups B, C and D had the highest crude protein content and were significantly higher than the control group (p = 0.001). Group E had the highest umami amino acid (UAA) and was significantly higher than the control group (p = 0.026). The content of isoleucine (Ile, p = 0.038) and phenylalanine (Phe, p = 0.038) was highest in group C and significantly higher than in the control group. Through principal component analysis, groups C and D were shown to contain leucine (Leu), glutamic (Glu), methionine (Met), valine (Val), histidine (His), Phe, and Ile levels significantly induced. The content of linoleic acid (C18:2n6, p = 0.000), linolenic acid (C18:3n3, p = 0.000), saturated fatty acid (SFA, p = 0.000), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA, p = 0.001), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA, p = 0.000) and n-6 PUFA (p = 0.000) in group C was the highest and significantly higher than the control group. Principal component analysis showed that group C significantly induced the levels of C18:2n6, C18:3n3, DHA, EPA, n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA in muscle. Therefore, our results suggest that appropriate feed particle size can improve the growth performance and nutrient composition of crayfish. Based on the broken-line regression analysis of SGR and FCR, the critical values of optimal particle size for crayfish are 0.55 mm and 0.537 mm, and when the particle size exceeds these critical values (not more than 1.5 mm commercial feed), growth performance and FCR of the crayfish are no longer changed. Nevertheless, group C has high protein and low lipid content, as well as better nutrition with amino acids and fatty acids. Overall, combined with growth performance and nutrient composition, it is recommended that the particle size of the diet at the larval stage for crayfish is between 0.71 and 0.85 mm.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary melatonin supplementation on growth and diurnal non-specific immunity, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzyme activities, and circadian clock-related gene expression in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). A total of 500 healthy juvenile crayfish (6.68 ± 0.31 g) were randomly distributed into five groups with four replicates each and fed five different diets supplemented with melatonin at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg for 60 days. The results indicated that dietary supplementation of 50 mg/kg melatonin significantly increased the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate (SR) of juvenile Procambarus clarkii. However, no significant differences were observed in the hepatosomatic index (HSI), meat yield, and condition factor (p > 0.05). When the dietary melatonin level was 50 mg/kg, the activities of LZM and ALP in the hemolymph of Procambarus clarkii were higher than the levels at both 15:00 and 03:00, while the activities of AST and ALT remained at lower levels during these two time points. It also significantly upregulated the mRNA expression levels of Clock, Per1, Cry1, Tim1, and Tim2 in the hepatopancreas (p < 0.05). Furthermore, dietary melatonin at 50 mg/kg significantly reduced the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as the malondialdehyde (MDA) content across day and night (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in acid phosphatase (ACP) at 15:00, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and amylase (AMS) activities in the hepatopancreas and intestine at 3:00 among the groups (p > 0.05). At 15:00, supplementation with 50 mg/kg significantly upregulated Bmal1 mRNA expression (p < 0.05). Melatonin supplementation at 50–75 mg/kg resulted in significantly higher levels of TP, LZM, ALP, and CAT activities, as well as significantly higher mRNA expression of Clock, Bmal1, Cry1, Per1, Tim1, and Tim2 in the hepatopancreas at 3:00 compared to 15:00 (p < 0.05), with the opposite trend observed for MDA content (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in ACP, ALT, and AST activities between 3:00 and 15:00 among the groups (p > 0.05). Thus, dietary supplementation of 50 mg/kg melatonin could promote the growth of juvenile Procambarus clarkii, enhance their non-specific immunity and antioxidant capacity during both day and night, increase the activities of digestive enzymes in the hepatopancreas and intestine, and regulate the expression of circadian clock-related genes.

Light plays a critical role in the physiology and pigmentation of aquatic animals. Regulating the light environment of aquatic animals offers insights into healthy aquaculture practices. In this study, Procambarus clarkii were reared under four different light colors—white (WL), red (RL), blue (BL), and green (GL)—for 21 days, with four replicates per light color. Morphological characteristics did not differ among light treatments. However, significant differences were observed in hemolymph cortisol levels and tyrosinase activity across different tissues (hemolymph, muscle, hepatopancreas) among groups (RL > BL > GL > WL). Hepatopancreatic CAT activity in WL was significantly higher than that in GL and BL, whereas hepatopancreatic MDA content was highest in BL. Regarding chromatic parameters, the yellow color of the RL cephalothorax cuticle and the red color of the muscle were more pronounced than in WL, The chela cuticle of GL is darker than RL, while the red color of the chela cuticle was more pronounced than in WL.. For pigment content, cephalothorax cuticle astaxanthin content in BL was significantly higher than that in other light color groups, while abdominal cuticle astaxanthin content was lowest in BL. Chela cuticle astaxanthin content in RL was significantly higher than that in WL, and chela cuticle astaxanthin and lutein contents in WL were significantly lower than those in BL and GL. Compared with WL, hepatopancreatic glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) mRNA expression significantly decreased under colored light, whereas NinaB mRNA expression significantly increased under RL and BL. These results indicate that light color does not affect the morphological characteristics of P. clarkii but significantly modulates oxidative stress responses, physiological status and energy metabolism. Different light colors may mediate carotenoid transport and deposition by regulating the expression of GSTP1, NinaB, leading to specific chromatic differences in different body parts of P. clarkii. Comprehensive analysis revealed that the red light environment exerted a more positive effect on enhancing the body color of P. clarkii. This study provides a reference for revealing the mechanism of light color regulating crustacean physiological function and pigmentation and optimizing aquaculture model.

Atherosclerosis (AS) currently lacks fully effective treatments. This study investigated the natural compound hesperidin as a potential therapy. Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE^−/−) mice were used as a model of atherosclerosis; we found that hesperidin treatment improved physiological and metabolic health, reduced plaque formation, and decreased systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Hesperidin also reshaped gut microbiota, increasing beneficial bacteria (Verrucomicrobia and Bacteroidota) and significantly lowering fecal levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: valine, leucine, and isoleucine) by 27.4%, 50.1%, and 40.8%, respectively. These changes were linked to specific microbial shifts. We conclude that hesperidin alleviates atherosclerosis likely by modulating the gut microbiota–BCAA–host axis, identifying it as a promising dietary intervention or therapeutic agent.