Power systems automation, communication, and information technologies for smart grid: A technical aspects review

To evaluate the stability of Subsynchronous Torsional Interactions (SSTI), we propose a simple and effective approach using admittance model. The proposed approach gives the subsynchronous conductance based criterion to find the stability of torsional interactions. The subsynchronous conductance based approach is utilized to evaluate the impact of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator based Wind Energy Conversion System (DFIG-WECS) on the torsional vibrations of nearby turbine-generator. The damping of \blue{Induction Generator Effect (IGE) and} SSTI is analyzed \blue{through admittance model} at different wind speed with various compensation level. The results of admittance analysis are validated through eigenvalue analysis and transient simulation. The results show that, the DFIG-WECS reduces the damping of torsional modes in the low frequency region of subsynchronous network mode. The damping of SSTI reduces with increase in wind speed. Hence, the DFIG-WECS significantly destabilizes the low frequency torsional modes at high wind speed with high compensation level. Further, it is found that, the network conductance at all critical torsional modes marginally reduces with Subsynchronous Damping Controller (SSDC) at the inner loop of Grid Side Converter (GSC) controller compared to other locations in DFIG converter controllers.

The primary emphasis of this research paper lies in advancing versatile quantum cascade laser-based spectroscopic methods tailored for highly sensitive gas detection. These techniques hold promise for a range of applications including atmospheric sensing, biomedical science, and high-resolution fundamental molecular spectroscopy. Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs) have revolutionized spectroscopic techniques and trace gas analysis due to their unique properties. In spectroscopy, QCLs offer widely tunable, high-powered, and narrow-linewidth radiation across the mid-infrared (MIR) region, enabling precise identification and quantification of molecular species. Utilizing a continuous wave cavity ring-down spectrometer (CW-CRDS) with high resolution, coupled with an external cavity continuous-wave quantum cascade laser (CW-EC-QCL) functioning within the wavenumber interval from 1250 cm⁻¹ to 1333 cm⁻¹ enables spectroscopic examination. This has found applications in various fields namely, Atmospheric Sensing, Biomedical Science, Security and Defense, Environmental Monitoring, Industrial Process Control, Astrophysics and Astronomy. In trace gas analysis, QCLs offer unmatched sensitivity and selectivity. They can detect minuscule concentrations of gases, down to parts per trillion or even lower, making them indispensable in fields where precise gas measurements are paramount. This includes environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, industrial safety, and scientific research. The versatility and precision of QCL-based spectroscopic techniques continue to drive innovation and advancements in these diverse fields.

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are emerging as the preferred mode of transportation owing to various advantages and to reach the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, the commercial usage of EVs is in its initial stage, due to multiple factors, among which faults caused by the operational environment and component failures are one. Furthermore, early diagnosis of such faults is necessary to protect from severe damage and catastrophic failures. This paper presents various fault modes in EV components, their impact on EV performance, and Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) practices. Later sections of the paper focus on the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques in FDD. Also, it provides a comparative analysis of model-based, signal-based, data-driven, and hybrid FDD approaches. Additionally, the paper explores component-specific FDD techniques, modelling of drive faults, current research trends, and suggestions on the selection of feature extraction techniques. Furthermore, the paper highlights the need to develop a hybrid FDD method to enhance the accuracy, reliability, and speed of FDD in EVs. The future scope of EV FDD techniques, considering various aspects, is also presented.

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the current research on the global wind energy systems, in particular to Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) with Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The analysis is based on the Scopus database from the year 2001 to 2024 and uses multiple methodologies for analysis. During this period, 3,196 documented research papers related to DFIG-based WECS systems were identified. Only one paper was published in 2002, while 324 papers were published in 2018. Among the 22 countries contributing to this field, China, India, and Morocco led with 340, 317, and 131 articles, respectively. However, India demonstrated the best quality of research, with only 9% of its 317 papers classified as low quality, while 97.2% of these papers were considered high quality. Team efforts are prevalent, accounting for 79.32% of the work. The most frequently used journals for publication are the Journal of Renewable Energy with 83 articles, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications with 52 articles, and the International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems with 50 articles. English was the most commonly used language, reported in 97% of the papers. As a result, this research points out new directions and stimulates further investigations into wind energy research analysis.

The control design of grid interfaced Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) requires the linear time invariant model of DFIG-WECS in a common reference frame called network reference frame. The transient analysis of DFIG-WECS requires the detailed modelling of both mechanical and electrical systems. In this paper, we present a simple approach to develop the mathematical modelling of DFIG-WECS, which consists of the equations to carry out the initial value calculation and transient analysis of grid connected DFIG-WECS in network reference frame. We use the Vector Control (VC) method to control the back-to-back converters of DFIG. The Stator Voltage Oriented Control (SVOC) is used to accomplish the decoupled vector control of DFIG. The performance analysis of grid connected DFIG-WECS is evaluated through the transient simulation under various disturbances. The results show that the transient performance of DFIG-WECS with proposed converter controllers is satisfactory under various disturbances.