The problem of rice farming in Indonesia is the increasing extent of nutrient-poor land due to the lack of addition of organic matter and continuously inundated irrigated rice fields, causing the production of greenhouse gas emissions, such as methane gas (CH₄), to increase. The study aims to determine the impact of organic fertilizers and rice varieties on rice yield, methane emissions, and the feasibility of farming in nutrient-poor rice fields. The study used a randomized block design in factorial with four replicates. The first factor is the type of organic fertilizers (compost of rice straw and goat manure), and the second factor is the variety of rice (Ciherang, Inpari 20, and Inpari 30). The results showed that the productivity of Inpari 20 (8.02 t·ha⁻¹) was significantly higher than that of Inpari 30 (6.10 t·ha⁻¹) and Ciherang (6.91 t·ha⁻¹). The highest yields of Harvest Dry Grain (HDG) to Milled Dry Grain (MDG) were the Inpari 20 (88.23%), Inpari 30 (86.94%), and Ciherang (85.04%). Methane (CH₄) emissions were highest in the Ciherang variety (56.4 kg h⁻¹ season⁻¹), followed by Inpari 30 (40.8 kg h⁻¹ season⁻¹), and lowest in Inpari 20 (22.3 kg h⁻¹ season⁻¹). Compared to Inpari 30 and Ciherang varieties, the Inpari 20 variety with rice straw compost has broad development viability in nutrient-poor paddy fields (highest R/C ratio and break-even point). More research on organic rice is needed to determine the productivity and emissions (methane, nitrite, carbon dioxide).

The Jajar Legowo planting system brings many benefits regarding productivity and planting techniques. Applying Jajar Legowo varies depending on the level of understanding and ease of application. This study aims to determine rice production with several planting systems of Jajar Legowo without insertion (legowo) in irrigated paddy fields. This study compared a Legowo planting system in several types of legowo (legowo 2:1, 4:1, and 6:1) with the regular cropping system or squares. Observational data were analyzed using ANOVA at a 95% confidence level, followed by Duncan’s test if there was a significant difference. The results of the analysis showed that the Legowo planting system showed no significant. The highest production of 5.71 tons/ha of milled dry grain (MDG) was obtained in the square planting system, and the lowest was in the legowo 6:1 planting system (5.51 tons MDG per hectar).

Intensive agricultural land with a limiting factor of acidity often has a great degree of phosphate elements but is not accessible to plants. The utilization of bio-phosphate fertilizer (Bio-P) is an effort to enhance the available P for plants to support sustainable agricultural development. This research evaluated the effectiveness of Bio-P on the growth performance and production of irrigated lowland rice. The research was accomplished in Gemolong District, Sragen Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, from May to October 2021. The research was set in a randomized block design corresponded of ten treatments and four replications. The treatment corresponded of fertilization according to the recommended dose, fertilization according to the recommended dose + Bio-P, existing farmers' fertilization + Bio-P, and without fertilization. The data observed included plant growth, yield components, production, and agronomic and economic feasibility assessments. The findings revealed that fertilization treatment according to the recommended dose + Bio-P and the existing farmers' fertilization + Bio-P did not significantly affect plant growth and yield. The extension of 10 kg ha-1 Bio-P with existing farmers' fertilization produced the highest effectiveness value of 3.56 with a profit of IDR 25,400,400 ha-1 and the highest RAE value of 110.25%.