Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions related to spectator’s transportation to collegiate football events is a significant consideration in the overall carbon footprint of collegiate sporting events. Transportation mode affects CO₂ emissions per spectator and stadium location, specifically on- and off-campus locations affect the transportation mode chosen by spectators. The quantity of CO₂ emissions generated from spectators’ transportation to collegiate sporting events at an on-campus university stadium is compared to off-campus stadium. The transportation modes and miles traveled by spectators were modeled with GREET 2016 to estimate CO₂ emissions. Significant differences were found between the two stadium locations regarding the spectators’ choice of transportation mode and distance traveled. Implications are presented for environmental sustainability and planning.

The Olympic Games continue to be a creator of adverse environmental impacts for host communities. Given the role that the Olympic Games play in sustainability due to their size, the number of people attending, new construction and infrastructure, and the extensive exposure by the media, this study investigated the Tokyo 2020 Games by evaluating the efficacy of their ecological sustainability efforts. Methods for this study were framed by the conceptual model of Müller et al. Specifically, the model is grounded on the three general aspects of sustainability: ecological, social, and economic. Compared to all Olympic events from 1992 through 2020, results from the present research indicated that Tokyo 2020 Olympics may have been the most ecologically friendly Games. This ecological record is significant, but it may be an unrealistic benchmark, given that the lack of attendance due to the COVID-19 pandemic influenced much of the ecological sustainability scores.

The sports industry is an institution that has large responsibility toward global environmental pollution. Over the past decade sports organizations have initiated a variety of environmentally sustainable practices. In this paper, the role of research in CO₂ emissions generated by the sports industry pursuits is highlighted. This report recommends that strategic management approaches and policy development are required to control this dangerous environmental pollutant. Specifically, proactive sustainable innovations and policies that mandate alternative transportation behaviors are suggested. In conclusion, after reviewing the current literature, it is proposed that sports associations should apply specific practices in sports events with focus on spectators’ mobility choices such as sustainable transportation.

This study examined how awareness levels of hosting the 2022 World Cup in Qatar changed perceptions of Qatar's destination image, country character, and neighboring destinations' images. Data were collected through Amazon Mechanical Turk, an online consumer panel comprised of people residing in the US with an Amazon. com account and willing to participate in the surveys. The results revealed that higher awareness of the 2022 World Cup being hosted in Qatar improved host destination image perceptions, selective regional country perceptions, country character and relevant behaviors to either travel to Qatar for vacation, for interest to travel to attend the event, or to watch the event on TV. Implications involve strategies to create higher awareness for the destination using the mega-sport event platform for promotions.

Marathon events are hosted annually by various communities around the United States. Within this context, marathon runners train and compete in various natural environments. Nature-based places can be primary training areas and often consist a large part of marathon events. Marathon runners, therefore, may care more about the quality of the nature they train in, as the environmental quality can connect to health benefits. The purpose of this study was to test how various types of marathon runner’s motivations influence their environmental concern and donation intentions toward green initiatives. Data was collected from marathon runners of a marathon event using a web-survey. In total, 103 marathon runners responded fully to the questionnaire. Findings indicated motivations related to self-esteem, health benefits, and environmental concern influences significantly and positive marathon runners’ donation intentions for green initiatives. Limitations are highlighted, as future research can explore further the conceptual model of this inquiry.