Gastric cancer represents a significant global health challenge due to its high mortality and incidence rates, particularly in Eastern Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America. This comprehensive review synthesizes the latest epidemiological data and explores both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with gastric cancer, aiming to delineate the multifactorial etiology of this disease. Modifiable risk factors include Helicobacter pylori infection, obesity, dietary habits, smoking and alcohol consumption, whereas nonmodifiable factors comprise genetic predispositions, age, family history and male gender. The interplay of these factors significantly impacts the risk and progression of gastric cancer, suggesting potential preventive strategies. The challenges in treating gastric cancer are considerable, largely because of the late-stage diagnosis and the heterogeneity of the disease, which complicate effective treatment regimens. Current treatment strategies involve a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapies. The FLOT regimen (5-FU, Leucovorin, Oxaliplatin and Docetaxel) is now a standard for resectable cases in Europe and the US, showing superior survival and response rates over ECF and ECX regimens. For HER2-positive gastric cancer, trastuzumab combined with chemotherapy improves overall survival, as demonstrated by the ToGA trial. Additionally, immune checkpoint inhibitors like pembrolizumab and nivolumab offer promising results. However, the five-year survival rate remains low, underscoring the urgency for improved therapeutic approaches. Recent advancements in molecular biology and cancer genomics have begun to pave the way for personalized medicine in gastric cancer care, focusing on molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapy. This review also highlights the critical need for better screening methods that could facilitate early detection and treatment, potentially improving the prognosis. By integrating epidemiological insights with new therapeutic strategies, this article aims to thoroughly understand of gastric cancer's dynamics and outline a framework for future research and clinical management, advocating for a multidisciplinary approach to tackle this formidable disease.

Human rhinovirus C (HRV-C) is a significant contributor to respiratory tract infections in children and is implicated in asthma exacerbations across all age groups. Despite its impact, there is currently no licensed vaccine available for HRV-C. Here, we present a novel approach to address this gap by employing immunoinformatics techniques for the design of a multi-epitope-based vaccine against HRV-C. The sequences of the chosen structural proteins VP1 and VP2, along with the non-structural protein 2C of HRV-C, were downloaded in FASTA format from the NCBI server for further analysis. Through an exhaustive analysis of HRV-C genomic sequences, we identified highly conserved immunogenic regions capable of eliciting a protective immune response. Leveraging advanced immunoinformatics tools, we predicted epitopes for B-cells, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and Helper T lymphocytes, ensuring broad coverage across different HRV-C strains. The vaccine candidate was constructed by integrating selected antigens with immunogenic epitopes and adjuvants, employing optimal linkers. Three vaccine constructs were developed, with V2 being the most promising, consisting of 480 amino acids residues. V2 exhibited strong antigenicity, non-allergenicity, and solubility, with a solubility score greater than 0.550, and demonstrated excellent structural stability, with 91.9% of residues in the most favorable regions of the Ramachandran plot. Molecular dynamics and simulation studies revealed a stable Vaccine-TLR8 complex, with a binding energy of -296.15 and consistent RMSD values. Furthermore, in silico cloning and sequence optimization ensured efficient expression in E. coli, with a Codon Adaptation Index of 0.99 and GC content of 54.58%. The minimum free energy of the RNA secondary structure was -494.90 kcal/mol. While our findings suggest the potential effectiveness of the designed vaccine candidate against HRV-C, further in vitro and in vivo investigations are warranted to validate its safety and efficacy.

Background: Brucellosis remains an important zoonotic disease in Bangladesh, yet evidence on its prevalence across human and animal hosts is fragmented and heterogeneous. Objectives: This study aims to synthesize evidence on Brucella detection across human and animal hosts in Bangladesh and to evaluate associated study‐level factors and temporal patterns. Methods: The data were extracted from eligible studies published between 2000 and 2024 following a systematic review framework. Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random‐effects meta‐analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q and I ² statistics. Subgroup meta‐analyses and univariable meta‐regression were conducted to examine variation by host species, diagnostic method, and study‐level factors. Forecasting was performed using ARIMA models on annual study‐reported Brucella detection, with model performance evaluated using AIC, MAE, and RMSE. Results: The pooled Brucella detection across hosts was 3.75% (95% CI: 3.07–4.56), with substantial heterogeneity ( I ² = 89.5%). Detection was the highest in dogs (7.49%) and the lowest in horses (1.78%)). Among evaluated variables, abortion history was the only study‐level factorsignificantly associated with higher Brucella positivity, with aborted animals showing approximately 10 times higher odds of detection compared to non‐aborted animals (OR = 10.09, 95% CI: 4.64–21.93, p <0.001). Temporal patterns suggested a decreasing trend in goats and an increasing trend in cattle; however, these likely reflect variation in study design, diagnostics, and coverage rather than true epidemiological change. Conclusion: Brucella exposure and detection persist across multiple host species in Bangladesh, with variation largely driven by methodological and host‐related differences. These findings underscore the need for standardized diagnostic and reporting approaches and support integrated One Health surveillance to improve interpretation and control strategies in Bangladesh.

Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) is endemic in Bangladesh, causing severe economic losses in the livestock sector. While it primarily affects cattle, buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis ) remain highly susceptible. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of FMDV in buffaloes across three districts (Sylhet, Rajshahi, and Noakhali) of Bangladesh from January to June 2024. In a cross‐sectional study, a total of 622 nasal swabs from 67 herds were collected and tested for FMDV RNA using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Overall, 255 samples were positive, resulting in an individual‐level prevalence of 41.0%(255/622), while 88.1% (59/67) of herds were FMDV‐positive. Animal‐level prevalence was highest in Sylhet (47.1%), followed by Noakhali (38.9%) and Rajshahi (37.1%). To further characterize circulating strains, eight representative RT‐PCR‐positive samples were sequenced, revealing the co‐circulation of serotypes O ( n = 5) and Asia‐1 ( n = 3). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates belonged to the ME‐SA/Ind2001e lineage of the serotype O and the Asia‐1 Group V lineage, clustering with contemporary strains from Bangladesh and neighboring countries, suggesting possible intra‐ and transboundary transmission. Pairwise genetic distance evaluation revealed high regional similarity, while Mantel tests indicated significant associations between genetic, geographic, and temporal distances. Comparative genomic analysis revealed largely conserved genomic regions, whereas VP1 analysis indicated that purifying selection predominated across both serotypes, with serotype O exhibiting greater genetic diversity ( π = 0.11642) than Asia‐1 ( π = 0.05258), suggesting localized antigenic variability and possible immune‐mediated viral evolution. These findings highlight the need for strengthened surveillance, improved biosecurity, and integrated vaccination strategies to enhance FMD control and reduce economic losses in Bangladesh.