Context: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, and its incidence is tremendously increasing globally. Decreasing postprandial hyperglycemia by retarding glucose absorption through inhibiting carbohydrates digesting enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) is one of many approaches used for the management of this disease.Objectives: The leaf and root aqueous and ethanol extracts of Albizia antunesianawere investigated for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and cytotoxic activity in vitro.Materials and Methods: The α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities were measured in the presence of aqueous and ethanol extracts of the plant parts using starch and p-nitrophenyl-D-glucopyranoside as substrates respectively. Furthermore, cytotoxic effects of the extracts were investigated on HEK (human embryonic kidney) 293 cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay.Results: The results showed that ethanolic root extract of A. antunesianahad mild α-amylase and strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 30.68 and 4.35 µg/mL, respectively. The aqueous root extract showed mild α-glucosidase but no α-amylase inhibitory activity. Cytotoxicity studies on the extracts using the MTT assay revealed that the ethanolic (leaf and root) extracts were relatively nontoxic at tested concentrations on the HEK 293 cell lines. However, the aqueous extracts (leaf and root) were cytotoxic at concentrations above 50 µg/mL.Conclusion: Data from this study suggest that the ethanolic root extract of A. antunesianapossess in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and are not cytotoxic at least in an in vitro condition.

Context: Hyperglycemia is the hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and its prevention will go a long way in managing the disease and its associated complications. Reduction of postprandial hyperglycemia through retarding carbohydrates digesting enzymes is one of the major therapeutic approaches used in the management of diabetes. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the antidiabetic and cytotoxic effects of Cissus cornifolia extracts in vitro. Materials and Methods: The α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. cornifolia root and leaves were investigated when the cytotoxic effects of these extracts were analyzed using MTT assay on human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cell lines. Results: The root ethanolic extract showed a mild α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC₅₀value of 22.75 ± 1.23 μg/ml, but strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC₅₀value 2.81 ± 0.97 μg/ml and the aqueous root extract indicated moderate inhibition for both α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC₅₀values of 33.70 ± 3.75 and 37.48 ± 2.35 μg/ml, respectively. The ethanolic root extract was found nontoxic at tested concentrations on HEK 293 cell lines as confirmed by the MTT assay with 93% cell viability at the highest concentration (200 μg/ml) tested. However, the aqueous extracts (leaf and root) were found cytotoxic at concentrations above 50 μg/ml. Conclusion: Data of this study suggest that the root ethanolic extracts of C. cornifolia possesses moderate α-amylase, but strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro and did not show significant cytotoxicity with the tested concentrations. Abbreviations used: alex: Aqueous leaf extract; arex: Aqueous root extract; CC: Cissus cornifolia; DNS: Dinitrosalicylic acid; DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide; elex: Ethanolic leaf extract; erex: Ethanolic root extract; IDF: International Diabetes Federation; MEM: Minimum essential medium; NIDDM: Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; pNPG: Para-nitrophenyl glucopyranoside; SD: Standard deviation; T2D: Type 2 diabetes.

Breast cancer poses a significant global health challenge and includes various subtypes, such as endocrine-positive, HER2-positive, and triple-negative. Endocrine-positive breast cancer, characterized by estrogen and progesterone receptors, is commonly treated with aromatase inhibitors. However, resistance to these inhibitors can hinder patient outcomes due to genetic and epigenetic alterations, mutations in the estrogen receptor 1 gene, and changes in signaling pathways. Radiogenomics combines imaging techniques like MRI and CT scans with genomic profiling methods to identify radiographic biomarkers associated with resistance. This approach enhances our understanding of resistance mechanisms and metastasis patterns, linking them to specific genomic profiles and common metastasis sites like the bone and brain. By integrating radiogenomic data, personalized treatment strategies can be developed, improving predictive and prognostic capabilities. Advancements in imaging and genomic technologies offer promising avenues for enhancing radiogenomic research. A thorough understanding of resistance mechanisms is crucial for developing effective treatment strategies, making radiogenomics a valuable integrative approach in personalized medicine that aims to improve clinical outcomes for patients with metastatic endocrine-positive breast cancer.