Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous inflammatory disease that could potentially involve multiple organ systems. It causes noncaseating granulomas in tissues, and at least two organs must be involved to make a diagnosis. In sarcoidosis patients, if there is a mass in the testicles, a testicular biopsy should be performed to exclude malignancies because of infrequent testicular involvement. We present a 23-year-old male diagnosed with sarcoidosis who had a bilateral testicular mass. A testicular biopsy was performed because of bilateral involvement. The biopsy revealed a diagnosis of sarcoidosis. After high-dose steroid treatment, the lesions regressed. This paper presents a sarcoidosis case with testicular involvement that imitates testicular tumors. Testicular tumors and testicular involvement of sarcoidosis are two different pathologies that may mimic each other, confuse clinicians, and/or lead to misdiagnosis and mistreatment.

Carcinosarcoma is a malignant tumor of biphasic character consisting of epithelial and mesenchymal components. This rarely-seen tumor has an exceedingly aggressive nature. While it is rare in the urinary system, it appears even more rarely in the renal pelvis. Thus, there are few publications in the literature on carcinosarcomas originating from the renal pelvis. This paper presents a 42-year-old male patient with carcinosarcoma of the renal pelvis (CSRP), kidney stone disease, and a nephrocutaneous fistula who underwent radical nephrectomy and eventually died of metastatic disease. The rarity of the disease is the main obstacle to conducting comprehensive clinical trials. Therefore, it is of great importance to publish the identified carcinosarcoma of the renal pelvis cases.

Introduction: Postoperative infectious complications following retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) remain a significant clinical challenge due to their potential progression to sepsis. This study aimed to identify perioperative risk factors associated with infection and to develop a practical risk stratification model. Materials and Methods: A total of 1949 patients who underwent RIRS in two centers between 2014 and 2025 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were grouped according to irrigation method, and infectious outcomes including febrile urinary tract infection (UTI), sepsis, and septic shock were evaluated. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified independent predictors of postoperative infection. Results: Overall, infectious complications occurred in 158 patients (8.1%), with no significant difference in total infection rates between the two groups. In the overall cohort, older age (OR 1.01; p = 0.045), preoperative JJ stenting (OR 1.48; p = 0.038), longer operative time (OR 1.01; p = 0.049), and a history of preoperative UTI requiring antibacterial treatment (OR 68.45; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of postoperative infection. These variables informed the development of the RIRS-STAMP score; the final combined model showed good discrimination (AUC 0.84, 95% CI 0.80–0.88) and was internally validated using 1000 bootstrap resamples. Discussion: These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of infection risk after RIRS and emphasize the importance of both host factors and procedural dynamics in infection development. The RIRS-STAMP score was developed based on these findings. Conclusions: The model can enable early identification of high-risk patients and supports individualized perioperative management; however, prospective external validation is required before routine clinical use.