The field of metal additive manufacturing has witnessed significant growth in recent years, with technology offering the ability to produce complex geometries that are challenging to manufacture using the traditional methods. In situ monitoring and control of the manufacturing process are crucial for increasing the production capacity and improving the quality of manufactured parts. This article provides a comparative analysis of computational, indirect, and direct methods for in situ temperature monitoring during additive manufacturing of metal alloy components. Furthermore, it discusses the current status, recent improvements, and perspectives for in situ temperature measurements. The basic principles of thermal imaging, two-color pyrometry, and millimeter-wave radiometry are explored, highlighting their limitations for addressing challenges related to material emissivity and rapid changes in building material composition. Overcoming the challenges related to the inaccessibility of the chamber where the parts are formed, direct temperature measurements would allow for the integration of collected information into big data systems. Within the framework of Industry 4.0, this approach offers a viable alternative to the conventional metal shaping processes, improving the production capacity and part quality. This research aims to contribute to ongoing advancements in metal additive manufacturing and its potential to completely replace traditional metal casting practices in the Industry 4.0 era.

The rate of discovery of new environmental hazards to human health is increasing every year. Identifying these hazards, asses sing the damage to human health that they may cause in the population, and evaluating these risks in a comparative manner is the t ask of health risk assessment. Today, the aim is to achieve a complex and comprehensive view of the interrelationships that can a rise within ecosystems. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach is needed by experts who assess the health status of the populatio n and other specialized monitoring of parameters present in the environment.Surface mining in the zone of excavation, loading, tran sport and ancillary works results in numerous forms of environmental degradation. Exploitation activities should fully comply with the principles of adapting the technological process to the characteristics of the mineral raw material and environmental protect ion measures, i.e. the rational use of natural resources. All potential waste materials that pollute the environment in the minin g complex must be analyzed through the categories defined by the pollutant register. Most of the hazards present in the environment to which the population is exposed are at a low level compared to the normative "low - level exposure", but the exposure relates to the entire lifespan. Although we know or assume from some data that even low - level exposure is harmful to health, it is not so easy to prove the clinical or physiological effects of such exposure at the population level. Often, there is a long incubation pe riod between the first exposure and clinical effects and therefore we find a low incidence rate in those exposed. Especially if a small proportion of the population was exposed to a particular agent in early life, health damage may go undetected for many years. The impact assessment, or risk assessment, of the identified risk factors (direct and indirect) on human health was conducted usi ng methodologies provided in the recommendations of recognized global (WHO, EU) and national (EPA) institutions that have dealt with this area . Achieving long - term terrain stability and establishing self - sustaining ecosystems will be ensured by permanent cessation of exploitation and includes a series of related activities that begin with conceptual closure planning. Supervision and maintenance of devastated areas and landfills includes all measures that the operator must take during exploitation and after closure, in order to prevent harmful impacts on the environment and human health, ensure the technical stability of the terra in and fulfill obligations towards the competent authorities.

The chemical reduction of iron ores has played a significant role in human history for thousands of years, dating back to the Iron Age. This presentation focuses on carbothermic reduction in the solid state and explores the potential to use iron oxides as a secondary source of iron and energy. Various mechanisms for the interaction of solid reactants at temperatures below 1000°C are discussed. An emphasis is given to the potential of carbothermal dissociation of iron and copper oxides based on a process mechanism involving dissociative evaporation and simultaneous condensation of the product. The presentation also includes kinetics modeling, calculations of main kinetic parameters, and theoretical thermodynamic calculations. It concludes with a discussion on the potential of extracting other valuable metals from oxides by using the carbothermic reaction in the solid state.