Acute kidney injury (AKI) presents a significant clinical challenge due to its rapid progression to kidney failure, resulting in serious complications such as electrolyte imbalances, fluid overload, and the potential need for renal replacement therapy. Early detection and prediction of AKI can improve patient outcomes through timely interventions. This review was conducted as a narrative literature review, aiming to explore state-of-the-art models for early detection and prediction of AKI. We conducted a comprehensive review of findings from various studies, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and practical considerations for implementation in healthcare settings. We highlight the potential benefits and challenges of their integration into routine clinical care and emphasize the importance of establishing robust early-detection systems before the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted prediction models. Advances in AI for AKI detection and prediction are examined, addressing their clinical applicability, challenges, and opportunities for routine implementation.

Background: Digital Health Literacy (DHL) is crucial in navigating digital health environments, yet few studies focus on older adults. Objective: Explore the associations of digital health information and resource utilization, IT-related social support, and barriers/enhancers to digital health service usage with DHL among older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2022 to April 2023, involving 417 individuals over the age of 60 who were interviewed using an instrument for collecting data on DHL, social support, barriers/enhancers influencing use of digital health resources and personal/demographic data. Multi-regression models were used to examine the associations. Results: Higher DHL scores were associated with daily use of digital interaction with healthcare ( B = 0.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.07, 0.49; p = .01), daily use of other digital health resources ( B = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.05, 0.40; p = .01), ease in finding assistance for online navigation ( B = 0.27; 95% CI = 0.08, 0.45; p = .01), self-perceived digital proficiency (“usually very good at surfing the internet,” B = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.18, 0.52; p = .01), assistance from relatives/others in internet browsing ( B = 0.20; 95% CI = 0.02, 0.37; p = .02), and having access to a computer, tablet, or smartphone ( B = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.11, 0.47, p = .01). Conversely, barriers like “no access to a computer, tablet, or phone at all times” ( B = −0.19; 95% CI = −0.34, −0.04; p = .01), “difficulty understanding online content” ( B = −0.22; 95% CI = −0.36, −0.07; p = .01), and “believing to be too old for online services” ( B = −0.18; 95% CI = −0.32, −0.03; p = .02) were associated with lower DHL scores. Conclusions: Engagement with digital health platforms, including making online appointments and accessing personal health records, is associated with higher DHL levels. Support from relatives or others, a modifiable attribute, is also associated with elevated DHL among older adults.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to evaluate hemodialysis patients’ dietary knowledge, especially among those with COVID-19 related symptoms, in order to identify appropriate strategies in managing their mental health. The study’s purposes were to test the psychometric properties of the hemodialysis dietary knowledge (HDK) scale, and to investigate the modifying impact of HDK on the associations of suspected COVID-19 symptoms (S-COVID-19-S) with anxiety and depression among hemodialysis patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2020 to March 2021 at eight hospitals across Vietnam. Data of 875 hemodialysis patients were analyzed, including socio-demographic, anxiety (the generalized anxiety disorder scale, GAD-7), depression (the patient health questionnaire, PHQ-9), S-COVID-19-S, HDK, health literacy, and digital healthy diet literacy. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and logistic regression models were used to analyze the data. The HDK scale demonstrates the satisfactory construct validity with good model fit (Goodness of Fit Index, GFI = 0.96; Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index, AGFI = 0.90; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual, SRMR = 0.05; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, RMSEA = 0.09; Normed Fit Index, NFI = 0.96; Comparative Fit Index, CFI = 0.96, and Parsimony goodness of Fit Index, PGFI = 0.43), criterion validity (as correlated with HL (r = 0.22, p < 0.01) and DDL (r = 0.19, p < 0.01), and reliability (Cronbach alpha = 0.70)). In the multivariate analysis, S-COVID-19-S was associated with a higher likelihood of anxiety (odds ratio, OR, 20.76; 95% confidence interval, 95%CI, 8.85, 48.70; p < 0.001) and depression (OR, 12.95; 95%CI, 6.67, 25.14, p < 0.001). A higher HDK score was associated with a lower likelihood of anxiety (OR, 0.70; 95%CI, 0.64, 0.77; p < 0.001) and depression (OR, 0.72; 95%CI, 0.66, 0.79; p < 0.001). In the interaction analysis, the negative impacts of S-COVID-19-S on anxiety and depression were mitigated by higher HDK scores (p < 0.001). In conclusion, HDK is a valid and reliable tool to measure dietary knowledge in hemodialysis patients. Higher HDK scores potentially protect patients with S-COVID-19-S from anxiety and depression during the pandemic.

Hepatocellular carcinoma remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, yet the disease manifests and progresses differently between sexes. Significant disparities in risk factors, diagnosis, and therapeutic outcomes are shaped by a combination of biological differences and sociocultural influences. Males face a significantly higher risk of developing HCC, primarily due to greater exposure to key risk factors such as chronic hepatitis B and C infections, excessive alcohol consumption, and metabolic disorders. In contrast, females generally exhibit better prognoses, attributed to the protective effects of estrogen and stronger immune responses. However, despite these advantages, females often experience delays in diagnosis and encounter barriers to accessing optimal treatment options. This narrative review explores the sex- and gender-based disparities in HCC, highlighting their impact on disease progression, diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness. Understanding these differences is crucial for improving patient outcomes and advancing personalized therapeutic approaches for HCC management.

Among causes of acute pancreatitis, hypertriglyceridemia has gained increasing recognition, with a higher prevalence in Asian populations. Intravenous insulin infusion is the primary treatment for hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis (HTGP). However, the effectiveness and safety of insulin therapy may vary depending on baseline triglyceride levels and individual insulin resistance. Additionally, the necessity of rapid triglyceride reduction to prevent disease progression remains unclear. This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of insulin infusion in HTGP patients with varying triglyceride levels and evaluate its impact on disease progression. This prospective study enrolled 54 patients aged 18 years or older diagnosed with HTGP and treated with insulin infusion between October 2022 and June 2023. Diagnosis and severity classification followed the 2012 revised Atlanta criteria. Patients received continuous intravenous insulin following a standardized protocol. Patients were stratified into 2 groups based on median baseline triglyceride levels: high (<25.455 mmol/L) and extremely high (≥25.455 mmol/L). Triglyceride levels were measured at baseline and at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours posttreatment, along with other biochemical and clinical parameters. Differences in mean change from baseline and other indices between the 2 groups were compared and the association between triglyceride reduction and disease progression was assessed. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. A total of 54 patients (mean age: 48 ± 10 years, 88.9% male) were included in the study. Baseline characteristics, including age, body mass index, and history of diabetes, pancreatitis, gallstones, and alcohol consumption, were similar between the high and extremely high triglyceride groups (all P > .05). Triglyceride levels decreased significantly in both groups, with a greater reduction observed in the extremely high group at all time points. A greater triglyceride reduction within the first 12 hours was significantly associated with a lower risk of worsening pancreatitis (odds ratio 0.642, 95% confidence interval 0.347–0.892, P = .049). Continuous intravenous insulin infusion is a safe and effective treatment for reducing triglyceride levels in HTGP. Early triglyceride reduction, particularly within the first 24 hours, plays a crucial role in preventing disease deterioration.

Osteoporosis is a common bone health disorder in hemodialysis patients that is linked with a higher morbidity and mortality rate. While previous studies have explored the associated factors of osteoporosis, there is a lack of studies investigating the impacts of health literacy (HL) and digital healthy diet literacy (DDL) on osteoporosis. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the associations of HL, DDL, and other factors with osteoporosis among hemodialysis patients. From July 2020 to March 2021, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 675 hemodialysis patients in eight hospitals in Vietnam. The data were collected by using the osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians (OSTA) and the 12-item short form of the health literacy questionnaire (HLS-SF12) on digital healthy diet literacy (DDL) and hemodialysis dietary knowledge (HDK). In addition, we also collected information about the socio-demographics, the clinical parameters, the biochemical parameters, and physical activity. Unadjusted and adjusted multinomial logistic regression models were utilized in order to investigate the associations. The proportion of patients at low, medium, and high levels of osteoporosis risk was 39.6%, 40.6%, and 19.8%, respectively. In the adjusted models, women had a higher likelihood of osteoporosis risk than men (odds ratio, OR, 3.46; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 1.86, 6.44; p < 0.001; and OR, 6.86; 95% CI, 2.96, 15.88; p < 0.001). The patients with rheumatoid arthritis (OR, 4.37; 95% CI, 1.67, 11.52; p = 0.003) and stomach ulcers (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.01, 3.77; p = 0.048) were more likely to have a higher likelihood of osteoporosis risk than those without. The patients who had a higher waist circumference (WC), HL, and DDL were less likely to have a medium level of osteoporosis risk (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92, 0.98; p = 0.004; OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.88, 0.96; p < 0.001; OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93, 0.99; p = 0.017, respectively) and a high level of osteoporosis risk (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89, 0.97; p = 0.001; OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.84, 0.94; p < 0.001; OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91, 0.99; p = 0.008, respectively) compared with a low level of osteoporosis risk and to those with a lower WC, HL, and DDL. In addition, higher levels of hemoglobin (Hb) (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.66, 0.95; p = 0.014), hematocrit (Hct) (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92, 0.99; p = 0.041), albumin (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.83, 0.99; p = 0.030), and education (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16, 0.88; p = 0.025) were associated with a lower likelihood of a high level of osteoporosis risk. In conclusion, osteoporosis risk is highly prevalent in hemodialysis patients. Improved HL, DDL, education, WC, albumin, Hb, and Hct levels should be considered in preventing hemodialysis patients from developing osteoporosis.