This study assessed rangeland management practices and perceptions of livestock farmers towards rangeland degradation in the Moretele communal areas of North West Province, South Africa. Understanding these issues is crucial for developing interventions to improve rangeland productivity and sustainability. A semi-structured questionnaire surveyed 106 randomly selected communal farmers across four villages (Lebalangwa, Mmakgabetlwane, Noroki, & Swartdam). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software. The majority of participants were males. Most farmers had less than years of farming experience, and most were farming with mixed livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats). Based on the farmers' perceptions, over 70% of the farmers agreed that rangelands are overgrazed and considered the condition of the rangelands to have declined dramatically over time. The most important traditional rangeland management strategy adopted by the farmers was mobility. Better pastures and water access were common reasons for mobility across all areas. The study suggests that, in future, development agencies and government must work closely with local communities to train and empower them in rangeland management skills.

Technological skills transfer approach from extension practitioners to the emerging farmers plays a significant role in the educational developments of the emerging farmers. These approaches have to take into account the methods of teaching that are in line with what is acceptable and underpinned by the adult teaching and learning approaches. Agricultural extension as an educational development programme for the emerging farmers needs to borrow from these approaches. Emerging farmers and extension practitioners in South Africa are mostly a group of diverse adults from different backgrounds and varying political, economic and social statuses. The formal education status of the emerging farmers might play a role in the ability to consume and apply presented information on the farm. However, the manner or approach that the information is presented could determine whether the emerging farmer become resistant to the information or not. The study employed the Participatory Action Research methodology with the philosophical framing of Bricolage to generate data that was analysed using Critical Discourse Analysis. The emerging farmers and extension practitioners volunterily engaged in the emancipatory discourse to outline the learning challenges using agricultural extension methods. Presenting agricultural information to the emerging farmers in the form of the Basic Education pedagogy, undermine the adult education prerequisites for the emerging farmers during training and farm visits. The emerging farmers, as adults exposed to agricultural extension, has to be conducted so guided by the trialled and tested adult education principles. By law, every individual over 15 years of age are entitled to adult education. The extension practitioners need to be acquainted with the adult education perspective. Keywords: Technological skills transfer, Emerging farmers, Extension, Pedagogic praxis

Bricolage's approach describes how post-colonial, post-positivist, post-modernist, or post-structuralist paradigms have driven intellectuals to develop mixed multi-theoretical and multi-methodological methods. Bricoleurs must contextualise the approaches using the metaphor and articulate its meaning and inferences for advisory services in attempting to do so, as agricultural advisors as bricoleurs and emerging farmers view themselves as co-advisors, guided by bricolage principles. The bricoleurs, equipped with adult education approaches and emerging farmers, will engage in a skills transfer exercise in an agricultural environment. In contrast, a bricoleur plays the role of a facilitator, not a teacher or an expert. Emerging farmers are knowledgeable, and many have years of experience working in the farming environment and have massive knowledge and experience that they can circulate amongst themselves. Bricolage highlights the relationship between agricultural advisors' ways of seeing and the social location of their personal history. The agricultural advisor-as-bricoleur abandons the quest for the naive concept of realism. It focuses instead on clarification of their position in the web of reality, the social locations of other co-advisors and the ways they shape the production and interpretation of knowledge. Bricolage tracks significant ruptures in epistemological, ontological, ethical, and political underpinnings that influence agricultural advisors. The record shows that, while traditional agricultural extension services were based on positivist rationalities, successive generations must adopt more interpretive, post-positivist, post-colonial, post-modern, constructivist, and post-structuralist approaches. As a guiding theory for agricultural extension advisors, Bricolage can improve skills transfer amongst emerging farmers by using limited resources to complete specific tasks.

Agriculture in Africa plays a significant role in the sustainable livelihood of households in rural and semi-rural areas. African youth participation in agriculture is viewed as a challenge, as is their contribution to the economy in developing countries. In most rural communities, sustainable agriculture is crucial in food security, poverty alleviation, and job creation. With that in mind, unemployment among the youth is high, especially in sub-Saharan African countries. It is also important to note that the agricultural sector is transforming with technological advancements and changing consumer preferences. Therefore, understanding the attitude of youth towards agriculture is pivotal to the sustainability and viability of the sector. This review critically analyses perspectives on youth attitudes in the agricultural sector by thoroughly examining academic literature. The review investigates factors influencing youth perceptions of agriculture, drawing upon an extensive diagnostic analysis of academic literature, empirical studies, and reports, including socioeconomic factors, attitudes towards agricultural activities, and attitudes as barriers to agricultural education and training. This intellectual piece dwells on indicators of influence between youth attitudes towards agriculture in African countries. Existing literature widely acknowledges youth as pivotal for economic success in agriculture. However, the effective integration of youth into the sector relies on Agricultural Extension policymakers facilitating their inclusion through tailored training programs and opportunities. It is the understanding of this review that the opportunities that enable agricultural participation correlate with the availability of resources for successful contribution to sustainable agriculture.

The productivity and quality enhancement of tropical pastures in Indonesia faces critical constraints from soil degradation and low forage nutritional value. This study evaluates the potential of legume cover crop integration to simultaneously improve grass biomass, forage quality, and soil physicochemical properties. Through comprehensive analysis of 42 peer-reviewed articles from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, we demonstrate the multifunctional benefits of legume-grass systems across Indonesia's diverse agroecosystems. Research findings reveal consistent improvements in both productivity and soil health parameters. Legume integration enhances biomass production by 30-65% and elevates crude protein content by 40-50% compared to conventional grass monocultures. Particularly effective species such as Leucaena leucocephala and Centrosema pubescens contribute to measurable soil quality enhancements, including increased organic matter content (0.5-1.5%), improved cation exchange capacity (2-5 cmol(+)/kg), and superior water retention capacity (15-20% improvement), while concurrently reducing soil erosion rates. Despite these demonstrated benefits, practical implementation faces several challenges. Rhizobia inoculation requirements present technical barriers for some farming communities, while species-specific soil adaptation needs necessitate careful selection of appropriate legume varieties. Economic constraints further complicate adoption among smallholder farmers, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study underscores legume integration as a sustainable intensification strategy for tropical pasture systems. The findings hold significant implications for developing sustainable livestock policies in Indonesia, offering pathways to reduce chemical fertilizer dependence while simultaneously addressing food security concerns and improving smallholder livelihoods. The dual benefits of productivity enhancement and environmental conservation position legume-based systems as a climate-smart agricultural approach for Indonesia's pasturelands.

Broiler chickens in the commercial setting are raised with antibiotics regularly, not only for disease prevention and treatment but also for body growth. The prevention and treatment of bacterial infections is critical to intensive poultry production. Antibiotics are natural, manufactured, or semi-synthetic compounds that inhibit or kill microorganisms. Primarily bacteria, they treat and prevent infections in humans and animals. Antibiotic use in poultry production has a cost; it contributes to an increase in drug-resistant infections in broiler chickens, which can be passed to humans and have a severe influence on human health. The usage of antibiotics in animal feed production has led to the current global discourse, making broiler feeds a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Antibiotic overuse and misuse in poultry production are contributing to the rise of antibiotic resistance. WHO (2018) stated that correct doses of antibiotics in poultry production can help minimise antibiotic resistance. As a result, antibiotic-free broiler meat production is growing in popularity worldwide to meet consumer demand. Antibiotic-free poultry production is suitable for long-term sustainability because no antibiotics are used during the life cycle of the birds raised on the farm for human consumption. However, various obstacles must be overcome in producing antibiotic-free broiler meat by implementing appropriate food safety and poultry welfare techniques. This review finds that antibiotic reduction also aligns with the concept of sustainable broiler production. Consequently, non-antibiotic additive alternatives such as probiotics, prebiotics, acidifiers, essential oils, phytobiotics, enzymes, and whole grains in the feed are strategies that can be used to achieve antibiotic-free poultry production. Fundamental best practices are helpful to bird health and welfare and flock productivity at all stages of poultry production.