In this study, calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles were obtained using a controlled-size chemical precipitation technique. The precursors, that is, calcium chloride (CaCl2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were utilized in optimal conditions to control the size of nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-Visible spectroscopy were used to characterize the synthesized CaO nanoparticles to determine their crystal structure, surface topography, functional group, and optical properties. It was concluded that the particle size was in the nanometer scale which indicates effective nanoscale synthesis. The biology efficacy of the nanoparticles was tested by both antibacterial and antioxidant tests, and it showed positive results or activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains of bacteria also containing high antioxidant activity against free radicals. The results indicate that biomedical and pharmaceutical realms can successfully use these controlled-size CaO nanoparticle because they are more bioactive and stable.

Almost every aspect of life is impacted by nanotechnology. We covered the TiO2 NPs sol-gel synthesis process in this paper, along with the variables that affect the particles, including water, temperature, time, and PH as well as the type and concentration of the precursor and the solvent. Based on alcohol and water, sol-gel is a wet chemical reaction. Because of their fascinating properties, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) have a wide range of applications in Nanobiotechnology. TiO2 NPs have been studied for their antiviral and antifungal properties against plant pathogenic species, particularly Ustilago tritici, which causes wheat rust. TiO2 NPs in agriculture have been shown to enhance plant growth and germination.

Tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) from Cannabis indica leaves was extracted by using solvent extraction method applying condenser apparatus. The molecular and physical attributes of ∆9-THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol, were identified. The collected oil’s content and a number of additional variables were studied. The optimum oil yield was predicted. Two samples were produced with multiple parameters. Sample (B) was made by soaking the leaves for seven days, whilst sample; (A) was made by using a condenser the instrument. The derived oil’s content and multiple kinds of other factors were studied. For characterization of both samples TLC, GC-MS, IR and HPLC techniques were applied. Various physical and chemical characteristics for Tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9- THC) oil was analyzed as different values such as acid value, specific gravity, saponification value, refractive Index by titration. Some physical tests were also performed for the detection of proteins, carbohydrates, Steroids, tennins, gums and mucilage. Both samples’ results proved wide differences. Due to elevate oxidative stability and psychoactive nature Tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) oil has many medicinal applications.

This was due to the effect of the alkyl chain length on the critical micelle concentration (CMC), adsorption behavior, and corrosion inhibition of CR4 mild steel in an acidified chloride solution (3.5 wt.% NaCl, pH 1.5) of a series of pyridinium-based cationic surfactants, namely N-(n-octyl)-2-methylpyridinium bromide (MP8),N-(n-decyl)-2-methylpyridinium bromide (MP10), and N-(n-dodecyl)-2-methylpyridinium bromide (MP12). The synthesized surfactants were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and their critical micelle concentration values were determined using the conductivity measurement technique. Weight-loss measurements, Potentiodynamic polarization, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were used for the assessment of corrosion inhibition performance. The lower CMC was correlated with an increase in the length of the alkyl chains (MP8<MP10<MP12), and the inhibition efficiency also increased. Weight-loss tests showed that MP12 (90%), MP10 (89%) and MP8 (88%) gave better results for adsorption on the surface of steel for which a compact protective film was formed, and electrochemical tests (MP8 < MP10 < MP12) showed increasing the alkyl chain ;length from MP8 to MP12 increased the hydrophobic character of the surfactants, which promoted molecular aggregation at lower concentrations, decreased the CMC, enhanced adsorption and protective film formation on the steel surface, and consequently improved the corrosion inhibition performance and adsorption tests showed the same trend. The potentiodynamic polarization icorr (µA/cm2) results showed that the prepared surfactants inhibited in mixed type while by EIS measurements the charge transfer resistance Rct increased and double layer capacitance (Cdl) values were decreased as the inhibitor concentration increased. Surface deterioration results were confirmed by SEM/EDX test which showed less surface deterioration where the inhibitors were present. The adsorption sites were determined through (DFT) calculations assisted with the help of the Mulliken population analysis and Fukui indices and it was found that as the alkyl chain length increased the adsorption strength and corrosion inhibition was increased. The combined experimental and theoretical results obtained indicated that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) played a vital role in the mechanism of adsorption and corrosion inhibition and could help in the rational design of the surfactant-based corrosion inhibitors.