Background: Cervical cancer is a prevalent and deadly malignancy in females, with chemotherapy often proving ineffective due to significant side effects and the development of chemo-resistance. This study investigates the medicinal potential of Clerodendrum infortunatum linn. , a genus with approximately 500 species in the Lamiaceae family. Limited research exists on the species of Clerodendrum infortunatum and its various solvent extracts. Objective: The study aims to assess the anti-cancer properties of different solvent extracts from this plant on human cervical cancer cells. Methods: The study examines the plant’s phytochemical components and their potential to inhibit cancer growth. Aerial parts of the plant were extracted using the Soxhlet method, and the presence of Rutin, Quercetin, and Gallic Acid in specific solvent extracts was validated through High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). In vitro assays, including MTT, Apoptosis, Cell Cycle analysis, Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species assessment, and Gene expression PCR, were conducted to investigate the plant’s anti-cancer properties further. Results: The outcomes of the phytochemical assessment indicated that Rutin was predominantly present in the water extract, with quercetin being more concentrated in the decoction, and the hydro-alcoholic extract showing elevated levels of gallic acid. Notably, the decoction extract demonstrated the highest cytotoxic activity, primarily through early apoptosis and arrests in the S-phase and G2M phases. Clerodendrum infortunatum exhibited a reduction in Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species. The gene expression analysis disclosed an impact on the BCL-2 gene. Conclusion: Notably, Clerodendrum infortunatum exhibited the ability to initiate early apoptosis, halt the cell cycle at the S and G2M phases, and diminish levels of reactive oxygen species significantly. The gene expression analysis revealed an influence on the BCL-2 gene. To sum up, this research underscores the encouraging cytotoxic and antioxidant attributes of Clerodendrum infortunatum, implying its potential for cervical cancer treatment.

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive and formidable subtypes of breast cancer, devoid of targeted therapy and frequently leading to unfavorable prognoses and significant side effects. The demand for creative and effective treatment options has prompted the current study to investigate the potential of natural chemicals as therapeutic agents. This study intends to examine the efficacy of Galangin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, in treating triple-negative breast cancer. Methods: The research utilizes a dual methodology, combining in silico network pharmacology with in vitro experimental methods. The in silico research proved crucial in finding significant gene targets and cellular signaling pathways influenced by Galangin in triple-negative breast cancer. To corroborate these computational predictions, a variety of in vitro studies were conducted, including the MTT assay, wound scratch assay, apoptosis assay, reactive oxygen species assay, mitochondrial membrane potential assessment, and RT-PCR. Results: Fifteen prevalent genes were identified, demonstrating involvement in cellular proliferation, apoptosis regulation, cell migration, MAPK cascade regulation, and cell cycle regulation. The predominant genes implicated in the ten principal pathways were MAPK1, MAPK8, MAPK14, and IL6, which were observed to be linked to the MAPK signaling pathway, perhaps serving as the critical channel through which Galangin may facilitate the treatment of oral cancer. In vitro experiments demonstrated anti-proliferative effects, late-stage apoptosis, anti-migratory characteristics, antioxidant activity, and upregulation of the pro-apoptotic BAX gene. Conclusion: This study’s results demonstrate that Galangin possesses considerable anti-proliferative effects on TNBC cells, underscoring its potential as a viable therapeutic drug. These findings facilitate the development of more effective and precisely focused therapy approaches for TNBC, providing optimism for enhanced treatment outcomes for patients suffering from this challenging disease.

Background: Due to many uses of cell culture in cell biology, biotechnology, and medical research, this technique has evolved into a widely used and accepted methodology. The isolation of primary cells from primary cancer tissue is a crucial step in cell culture technology since it offers a trustworthy source for studying the biology, morphology, and molecular evaluation of cancer cells, just like in the oral cavity tissue of patients. Therefore, the technique used for the isolation, culture, and evaluation of these cells is crucial. Aim: The aim of the present study is to isolate and culture the cells from human primary Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma [OSCC] tissue and evaluate them for morphological variations using an explant method. Materials and Methods: The patients with OSCC who were undergoing surgery provided the tissue samples. An explant technique was used to achieve the isolation of cells from tissue samples. Following that, the cells were maintained, subcultured, and stored in accordance with the standard American Type Culture Collection [ATCC] protocol. Routine Hematoxylin & Eosin and crystal violet stains were used. These cells were morphologically studied, and the results were assessed for further studies. Results: We were able to successfully isolate and culture cells from 4 different tissue samples using the explant method. Morphological analysis revealed that one tissue had a significantly distinct presentation of epithelial and stromal cells, whereas the other three tissues had only minor morphological differences predominantly stromal cells. Two tissues were discarded after showing contamination. Conclusion: Tissue culture should be done very meticulously specially when oral cavity tissue is used as it is house for millions of microorganisms. The technique must also be thoroughly followed and adjusted accordingly. Using common, inexpensive stains like Hematoxylin and Eosin and crystal violet, which are of great help for examining the morphology of cells routinely.

To evaluate the tissue eosinophilia in different stages and grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and correlate its possible role as a prognosticator in primary OSCC using special stains like Congo red and carbol chromotrope. Forty-five intraoral histopathologi-cally proven cases of OSCC were selected (15 cases each of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC), moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (MDSCC), and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (PDSCC)). Three sections of 4 pm were taken for each case. All slides were stained using routine stain, i.e., hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and special stains, i.e., carbol chromotrope and Congo red respectively, for studying tissue eosinophils in all these groups. Histopathological evaluation was performed on paraffin sections for calculating the quantitative eosinophil distribution by two separate observers who were blinded to clinical and histopathological data. Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) was calculated using the density method. An increase in the degree of TATE from stage I to stage IV suggested that elevated tissue eosinophilia was seen with an increasing size of primary tumor. Also an increase in TATE was observed with an increasing grade of OSCC. Chromotrope stain was found to be a much better and more specific stain for eosinophils, and gave more accurate eosinophil count compared with H&E and Congo red. The findings of the present study highlight the significance of eosinophil counting and that it can be used as an additional morphological parameter in the grading of OSCC which can also be included in the biopsy report.

Objectives: Lauric acid has been investigated for its effects on various human cancer cell types, although limited research has been dedicated to its impact on oral cancer. In light of this, the objective of our study was to comprehensively assess the anticancer properties of lauric acid specifically in the context of oral cancer. This evaluation was achieved through an in-silico approach, leveraging network analysis techniques. By employing this methodology, we aimed to gain valuable insights into the potential therapeutic benefits of lauric acid for treating oral cancer. Methods: The in-silico analysis involved determination of drug-likeness prediction, prediction of common targets between oral cancer and LA, protein–protein interactions (PPI), hub genes, top 10 associated pathways by gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, molecular docking experiments. Results: Our study pinpointed 23 common genes involved in critical cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis regulation, PI3K AKT cascade, and cell cycle control. Among them, CXCL8, MMP9, PPARA, MAPK1, and AR stood out in the top 10 pathways, particularly in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This highlights the potential role of lauric acid in oral cancer treatment through the PI3K/AKT pathway and calls for further exploration of this mechanism. Conclusions: Our study highlights lauric acid’s promising anticancer properties through computational analysis, offering a foundation for future research in cancer treatment development. This approach combines molecular insights with in-silico methods, paving the way for identifying therapeutic compounds and understanding their mechanisms. Lauric acid holds potential as a chemotherapeutic agent, opening up new avenues for cancer therapy exploration.