In the present work, nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide-supported (NrGO) bimetallic Pd–Ni nanoparticles (NPs), fabricated by means of the electrochemical reduction method, are investigated as an anode electrocatalyst in direct hydrazine–hydrogen peroxide fuel cells (DHzHPFCs). The surface and structural characterization of the synthesized catalyst affirm the uniform deposition of NPs on the distorted NrGO. The electrochemical studies indicate that the hydrazine oxidation current density on Pd–Ni/NrGO is 1.81 times higher than that of Pd/NrGO. The onset potential of hydrazine oxidation on the bimetallic catalyst is also slightly more negative, i.e., the catalyst activity and stability are improved by Ni incorporation into the Pd network. Moreover, the Pd–Ni/NrGO catalyst has a large electrochemical surface area, a low activation energy value and a low resistance of charge transfer. Finally, a systematic investigation of DHzHPFC with Pd–Ni/NrGO as an anode and Pt/C as a cathode is performed; the open circuit voltage of 1.80 V and a supreme power density of 216.71 mW cm⁻² is obtained for the synthesized catalyst at 60 °C. These results show that the Pd–Ni/NrGO nanocatalyst has great potential to serve as an effective and stable catalyst with low Pd content for application in DHzHPFCs.

In this study, a new nanocomposite was created by combining copper-doped nickel ferrite (NiCuFe₂O₄) nanoparticles with MCM-48 (Mobil Composition of Matter No. 48) on a graphene oxide (GO) substrate functionalized with poly(ρ-phenylenediamine) abbreviated as (PρPD). This nanocomposite was developed to investigate its potential for enhancing the function of a supercapacitor in energy storage. Following NiCuFe₂O₄@MCM-48 preparation, Hummer’s technique GO was applied. In-situ polymerization of NiCuFe₂O₄@MCM-48/GO nanoparticles with ρ-phenylenediamine (ρPD) in the presence of ammonium persulfate (APS) produced PρPD, a conductive polymer. Structural characterization of the nanocomposite includes FTIR, XRD, VSM, TGA-DTG, EDX, and FE-SEM. Results from BET indicate a pore size increase of up to 5 nm. Fast ion penetration and higher storage in capacitor material are explained by this. Additionally, the nanocomposite’s electrochemical performance was evaluated using GCD and CV tests. The NiCuFe₂O₄@MCM-48/GO/PρPD nanocomposite has a specific capacitance of 203.57 F g⁻¹ (1 A g⁻¹). Furthermore, cyclical stability is essential for energy storage applications. The nanocomposite retains 92.5% of its original capacitance after 3000 cycles, indicating outstanding electrochemical stability.

This review explores precatalysts’ structural reconstruction during alkaline OER, summarizes methods probing structural evolution and influencing factors, guides dynamic reconstruction regulation, and discusses reconstruction impacts on performance.