Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy among women in the reproductive age group. PCOS is defined by the Rotterdam criteria, which include hyperandrogenism, oligo-anovulation, and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. The common symptoms are irregular or absent periods, acne, hirsutism, and alopecia androgenica. Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome is seen among women with PCOS, which increases cardiovascular risk (CVR). Insulin resistance (IR), being most common in PCOS, is often seen in patients with obesity. IR and obesity induce chronic low-grade inflammation in PCOS, increasing various inflammatory markers. Increase in the parameters of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C- reactive protein (CRP), plasminogen, endothelin-1, fibrinogen, cystatin-C, fetuin B, vascular endothelial growth factor, and endostatin levels have been documented in the PCOS-affected women. Microbiota alteration is also seen in this demographic, which increases metabolites like trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). TMAO, because of its pro-atherosclerotic activity, is linked to an increase in CVR. In this systematic review, we intended to discover the causes and factors that lead to increased CVR in women diagnosed with PCOS. This systematic review used PubMed, regular keywords, and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria included the human female population of all ages and literature available in the English language in free full text published between the years 2019 and 2024. The exclusion criteria included research involving animals, works published before 2019, articles written in a language other than English, and articles not publicly available. A total of 89 articles were identified, and 8 final articles were selected after quality assessment.

Background/Objectives: Menopause, marked by permanent cessation of menstruation, is a universal transition associated with vasomotor, genitourinary, psychological, and metabolic changes. These conditions significantly affect health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and increase the risk of chronic diseases. Despite their impact, timely diagnosis and individualized management are often limited by delayed care, fragmented health systems, and cultural barriers. Methods: This review summarizes current applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in postmenopausal health, focusing on risk prediction, early detection, and personalized treatment. Evidence was compiled from studies using biomarkers, imaging, wearable sensors, electronic health records, natural language processing, and digital health platforms. Results: AI enhances disease prediction and diagnosis, including improved accuracy in breast cancer and osteoporosis screening through imaging analysis, and cardiovascular risk stratification via machine learning models. Wearable devices and natural language processing enable real-time monitoring of underreported symptoms such as hot flushes and mood disorders. Digital technologies further support individualized interventions, including lifestyle modification and optimized medication regimens. By improving access to telemedicine and reducing bias, AI also has the potential to narrow healthcare disparities. Conclusions: AI can transform postmenopausal care from reactive to proactive, offering personalized strategies that improve outcomes and quality of life. However, challenges remain, including algorithmic bias, data privacy, and clinical implementation. Ethical frameworks and interdisciplinary collaboration among clinicians, data scientists, and policymakers are essential for safe and equitable adoption.

Background: Varicose veins (VVs) of the lower limbs, characterized by palpable, dilated, and tortuous veins, affect 2–73% of the global population. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers significant potential to enhance healthcare efficiency and decision-making, particularly in managing VVs through improved risk factor identification, diagnosis, and treatment planning. Objective: This abstract explores the role of AI in VV management, focusing on its applications in risk detection, image analysis, treatment planning, and surgical interventions, while addressing challenges to its widespread adoption. Methods: AI leverages advanced techniques such as computer vision and deep learning to analyze patient data, including medical history, symptoms, physical examinations, and imaging (e.g., ultrasounds, venography). It identifies patterns in large datasets to support personalized treatment plans, early risk detection, and disease severity assessment. Results: AI demonstrates promise in automating VV detection and classification, assessing disease severity, and aiding treatment planning. It enhances surgical interventions through preoperative planning, intraoperative navigation, and recurrence risk prediction. However, its adoption is limited by a lack of large-scale studies, concerns over accuracy, and the need for regulatory and ethical oversight. Conclusion: AI has the potential to revolutionize VV management by improving diagnosis, treatment precision, and patient outcomes. Further research, validation, and integration are critical to overcoming current limitations and fully realizing AI’s capabilities in clinical practice.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease. Lifestyle changes, especially dietary, have been recognized as important measures for managing the condition. This systematic review aimed at assessing the effectiveness of fasting protocols, including time-restricted feeding (TRF), alternate-day fasting (ADF), the 5:2 diet, and other lifestyle interventions in enhancing metabolic and hepatic profiles. The search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was extended to include PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for articles published between 2019 and 2024. The studies that included participants with fatty liver disease and examined the effects of fasting on hepatic steatosis, metabolic markers, and liver enzymes were included, and the quality of the studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Out of the 12 RCTs that were included in the study, there was a significant reduction in hepatic steatosis, an increase in insulin sensitivity, and a decrease in inflammatory markers. TRF and ADF were found to be effective forms of calorie restriction, as they were well tolerated by the patients. The combination of ADF with aerobic exercise and TRF with low-sugar diets was seen to have potent effects on the liver and other metabolic parameters. However, certain drawbacks include the variation in the fasting protocols, small subject numbers, and brief follow-up periods. The current study highlights that intermittent fasting is a viable non-pharmacological option for the management of NAFLD with a focus on the timing and content of eating periods. The following are needed to strengthen the evidence and to guide the clinicians in its application: standardized fasting protocols and long-term trials.

Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) are emerging agents in the treatment of rheumatological diseases. Their role in rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathies has been established. The treatment of Takayasu Arteritis (TAK) and Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) is large vessel vasculitis requiring long courses of glucocorticoids, often combined with other immunosuppressants. It has been shown that the pathogenesis of TAK and GCA involves the JAK-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, showing that JAKi can theoretically be efficacious in these conditions. A systematic review of the use of JAKi in TAK and GCA is conducted across six databases: PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, EMBASE (via OVID), Science Direct, and Cochrane Library. Studies in the English language and human studies from 2019 to 2024 on the efficacy and safety of JAKi in patients with GCA or TAK were included. Pre-clinical, in-vitro, animal studies, or studies in which patients have other concomitant autoimmune diseases, malignancies, or prior exposure to JAKi are excluded. In total, 19 studies were included, of which six were cohort studies and seven were case reports for TAK. For GCA, three cohort studies, two case reports and one double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) were identified. One case report involves an overlap between TAK and GCA, but apart from older age, the patient only had TAK features. Abstracts and patients with other concomitant autoimmune diseases or malignancies were excluded. Upadacitinib, tofacitinib, baricitinib, and ruxolitinib were the JAKi studied. Of the cohort studies, two included a comparison group with traditional immunosuppressants, namely, methotrexate and leflunomide, and both were in TAK. All case reports were about patients with refractory disease. The only RCT was done with GCA patients using upadacitinib 15mg daily vs 7.5mg daily vs placebo. Most studies and case reports demonstrated the effectiveness of JAKi in the outcomes measured, namely, clinical activity, symptoms or signs, imaging findings, inflammatory marker levels, disease relapse, and corticosteroid requirement. JAKi are also generally safe, with infections being the most common adverse effect. This review is limited by the fact that most studies do not have a controlled group and that the different definitions of disease remission, relapse, or refractoriness are adopted across different studies. Thus, future studies addressing these limitations are needed.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths, primarily associated with liver cirrhosis from factors like hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcohol abuse, metabolic syndrome, and genetic disorders. With the rising incidence of liver cancer, particularly in HBV-endemic regions, research into novel therapies like antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has gained momentum. ADCs target cancer cells by attaching cytotoxic drugs to antibodies, minimizing damage to healthy tissue. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that ADCs targeting GPC3, such as GC33 and 32A9, show promising results in reducing tumor growth and improving patient outcomes in advanced HCC. These therapies offer a potential alternative to conventional chemotherapy, marking a significant advancement in precision oncology. This systematic review was implemented using various databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, EBSCO, and Public Library of Science (PLoS) using regular keywords and MeSH keywords. Eligibility criteria were restricted to free full texts in the English language, humans, and publications between 2019-2024. The exclusion criteria included languages other than English and publications before 2019. A total of 26 articles were identified, and 12 articles were selected after quality assessment.