Studies on the variability in ocean wave climate provide engineers and policy makers with information to plan, develop, and control coastal and offshore activities. Ocean waves bear climatic imprints through which the global climate system can be better understood. Using the recently updated ERA5 dataset, this study evaluated the spatiotemporal distribution and variability in significant wave height (SWH) in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic (ETA). The short-term trends and rates of change were obtained using the Mann–Kendall trend test and the Theil–Sen slope estimator, respectively, and decadal trends were assessed using wavelet transformation. Significant, positive monthly and yearly trends and a prevailing decadal trend were observed across the domain. Observed trends suggest that stronger waves are getting closer to the coast and are modulated by the Southern and Northern Atlantic mid-latitude storm fields. These observations have implications for the increasing coastal erosion rates on the eastern coast of the Tropical Atlantic.

Algal blooms have thrived on the third-largest shallow lake in China, Taihu over the past decade. Due to the recycling of nutrients such as nitrate and ammonium, this problem has been difficult to eradicate. Sediment flux, a product of diagenesis, explains the recycling of nutrients. The objective was to simulate the seasonal spatial variations of nitrate and ammonium flux. In this paper, sediment diagenesis modeling was applied to Taihu with Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC). Latin hypercube sampling was used to create an input file from twelve (12) nitrogen related parameters of sediment diagenesis and incorporated into the EFDC. The results were analyzed under four seasons: summer, autumn, winter, and spring. The concentration of NH₄–N in the sediment–water column increased from 2.744903 to 22.38613 (g/m³). In summer, there was an accumulation of ammonium in the water column. In autumn and winter, the sediment was progressively oxidized. In spring, low-oxygen conditions intensify denitrification. This allows algal blooms to continue to thrive, creating a threat to water quality sustainability. The sediment diagenesis model, coupled with water quality measured data, showed an average relative error for Total Nitrogen (TN) of 38.137%, making the model suitable. Future studies should simulate phosphate flux and measure sediment fluxes on the lake.

With massive energy demands, the majority of developing countries are at a critical juncture in their industrial development. Their energy structure, on the other hand, is relatively specific and heavily reliant on fossil fuels, resulting in significant environmental pollution. As a result, the development of clean energy is on the horizon, which is related not only to whether developing countries can build a resource-saving and environmentally friendly society but also to whether they can achieve socially sustainable development. As a significant clean energy source, not only does hydropower play an important role in the development of an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly green economy, but it also has numerous benefits such as shipping, irrigation, flood control, and water supply. So, hydropower development is critical for developing countries to adjust their energy structures, achieve regional development balance, and ensure river defense safety. However, precision guidance technology is maturing around the world. If one side’s water-retaining dam is accurately blasted in the event of a full-scale war or local conflict, it may cause significant economic and human losses. Dam safety and protection from strong explosions deserve special attention given the obvious seriousness of the consequences. It is critical to improve the anti-explosion safety of major hydraulic structures by revealing the dynamic response behavior, damage mechanism, and dam characteristics under explosion impact loads, as well as evaluating the dam’s condition after extreme loads. In the critical work of disaster prevention and mitigation, this is crucial to our social and economic development. This study is not only a key technical problem and an important strategic task in hydraulic structure construction, but it may also serve as a guideline for governments to take effective measures to reduce the loss of dam break under special circumstances.

The Beluga Reefer accident underscores the hidden risks associated with complex wave–current interactions along South Africa’s coastline, particularly in the Agulhas Current retroflection zone. This study utilized ERA5 reanalysis and CMEMS surface current data to analyze the sea state conditions at the time of the accident. While the wind speeds were moderate (5.42 m/s) and windsea heights were relatively low (0.99 m), the significant wave height (Hs) peaked at 3.24 m, with a strong opposing NE Agulhas Current (1.27 m/s) inducing wave steepening and group compression, creating transient hazardous conditions despite a low overall wave steepness (0.0209). Just before the accident, the directional disparity (Δθ) between the swell and windsea systems collapsed sharply from 167.45° to 8.98°, providing a false sense of stability. The synergy of these conditions at the accident site triggered the event, demonstrating that visually aligned wave conditions can mask dangerous underlying interactions. These findings highlight the critical need for integrated wave–current diagnostics in maritime forecasting to better predict complex hazards and enhance vessel safety.