Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis), a common commensal and opportunistic pathogen, circulates freely across interconnected human, animal, and environmental reservoirs, embodying the One Health concept. Its key virulence factors—urease activity, swarming motility, and biofilm formation—drive severe urinary tract infections, particularly catheter-associated ones. These virulence traits concurrently facilitate the acquisition and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) via mobile genetic elements, leading to extensively drug-resistant clones. Epidemiological and genomic evidence confirms that identical multidrug-resistant clones and resistance mechanisms (ESBLs, carbapenemases) are shared among human clinical isolates, livestock, food products, and environmental samples. This demonstrates continuous, multi-directional transmission through interconnected zoonotic, foodborne, and environmental pathways. The synergistic convergence of potent virulence and escalating AMR within shared reservoirs heightens public health risks. Effective containment therefore demands integrated One Health strategies: enhanced cross-sectorial surveillance, stringent antimicrobial stewardship, robust infection control, and the creation of novel treatments. A coordinated global response is crucial to curb the spread of resistant P. mirabilis and preserve antibiotic efficacy.

Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) serves as a multi-host–pathogen regarded as an alarming foodborne infectious disease, causing illnesses of variable severity in both livestock and human beings. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, and associated antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) of P. mirabilis isolates obtained from diseased broiler chickens and native Egyptian buffaloes in Kafr El-Sheikh and Dakahlia governorates, Egypt. In addition, this study investigated the antibacterial activity of chitosan (CS) and chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs), including the estimation of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of CS at concentrations of 1% and 2%, as well as CSNPs. Furthermore, the sub-MIC values were utilized to assess the inhibitory effects of CS and CSNPs on swarming motility. P. mirabilis was detected in 68% (34/50) of broiler chickens and 40.74% (11/27) of buffaloes. Interestingly, all P. mirabilis isolates were tested against 21 antimicrobial drugs and showed high resistance against either critical, highly important, or important antimicrobial drugs. For chicken-originated P. mirabilis, 50% (17/34) of isolates were revealed to be extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and 50% (17/34) of isolates were revealed to be pan-drug-resistant (PDR). Meanwhile, 9.09% (1/11) of buffalo-originated P. mirabilis isolates were revealed to be XDR and 90.91% (10/11) of the isolates were revealed to be PDR. Among P. mirabilis isolates from broiler chickens, the prevalence of resistance genes was as follows: int1 (97.06%), dfrA1 (100%), sul2 (97.06%), catA1 (44.12%), aadA1 (97.06%), tet(M) (81.82%), ermB (23.53%), msrA (0%), qnrA (47.06%), qnrS (0%), gyrA (0%), mcr-1 (11.76%), bla_TEM (97.06%), bla_CTX-M (26.47%), bla_OXA-10 (2.94%), bla_CMY-2 (41.18%), and bla_SHV (0%). The corresponding detection rates in buffalo-derived isolates were 100%, 100%, 90.91%, 63.64%, 100%, 70.59%, 18.18%, 0%, 9.09%, 0%, 0%, 18.18%, 81.82%, 18.18%, 18.18%, 63.64%, and 0%, respectively. Carbapenemase genes were found in none of the isolates from either species. CSNPs demonstrated superior antibacterial and anti-virulence activity against resistant P. mirabilis. CSNPs exhibited significantly lower MIC (0.067–0.081 mg/mL) and MBC (0.167–0.177 mg/mL) values compared with conventional CS formulations (MIC: 3.25–4.5 mg/mL; MBC: 6.67–9.08 mg/mL) in both broiler and buffalo isolates. In inhibition zone assays, the CSNPs + ciprofloxacin (CIP) combination showed the highest efficacy with a 50–58% increase in the inhibition area. Both CSNPs and CS 2% substantially reduced swarming motility by 45–52%, with CSNPs showing the strongest inhibitory effect. These outcomes highlight how P. mirabilis carries and disseminates antibiotic resistance, presenting serious threats to health policy and livestock. Also, CS or CSNPs, either alone or enhanced with CIP, are effective in vitro against resistant P. mirabilis, which promotes the treatment of Proteus infections to guarantee a bactericidal impact.

Helicobacterpylori (H. pylori) infection is a significant health issue. It is classified by the World Health Organization as a Group I carcinogen. Egypt has unusually high prevalence rates of 64.6–90.3%, significantly above the global averages. Histopathological diagnosis is tedious and time-consuming and has high interobserver variation, especially with small, scattered bacterial colonies. This study represents the first comprehensive application of artificial intelligence to this diagnostic task. We compared eight state-of-the-art architectures. The models were trained for 50 epochs and assessed on 100 histopathological whole-slide images using metrics including accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC-ROC. MobileNetV2 and Xception performed perfectly with 100% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, an AUC of 1.0, and zero misclassifications. MobileNetV2 was trained 2.3 times faster, offering an efficiency advantage relevant to deployment in resource-limited pathology laboratories, pending external validation. Another four models (DenseNet-201, InceptionV3, VGG-16, and VGG-19) recorded 100% test accuracy, while Vision Transformer recorded 96.97%. These results represent retrospective patch-level classification performance and do not constitute clinical diagnostic validation. This study not only establishes the first validated artificial intelligence classification system of H. pylori in Egypt but also shows high performance on Egyptian samples and offers a solid methodological groundwork for future medical AI applications in resource-constrained contexts.

I N THE PRESENT study, we first aimed to select some potential anti-cancer probiotics in vitro.Using the inulin fermentation product by the selected five probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus paraplantarum strain S143, L. pentosus strain P2-3, L. plantarum strain J12, L.gasseri strain F. and L.reuteri strain IRT), Caco-2 cells were exposed to 50% filtrate supernatant of each probiotic bacteria after 24 h of incubation. Results showed that inulin fermentation product of the selected probiotics cause apoptosis in the Caco-2 cell line. Also, the viability of the freeze-dried powders of the five probiotics using skimmed milk as cryoprotectant was followed up for 12 weeks of storage at refrigerated conditions and also at room temperature. Results proved that lyophilized powders showed slight decrease in their viable count during storage both at room and refrigerated temperatures. This would ensure a good cell concentration for at least 3 months to be administered as a probiotic and would guarantee the long-term delivery of sufficient active, viable, and functional cultures.