Patients with heroin use disorder (HUD) often exhibit trait impulsivity, which may be an important factor in and a good predictor of addiction. However, the factor structure of HUD trait impulsivity (motor, attentional, and nonplanning) and its neural correlates are not yet known. A total of 24 male volunteers with HUD and 16 healthy control volunteers were recruited for this cross-sectional study. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) were employed using the insula as a seed point in an effort to understand the association between trait impulsivity and its intrinsic factors and functional connectivity (FC) between the insula and the whole brain. The HUD group in this study exhibited higher total trait impulsivity scores, motor impulsivity, and nonplanning impulsivity than the control group. Changes in FC between the right insula and the lateral occipital cortex and the right angular gyrus were significantly positively correlated with total trait impulsivity scores, motor impulsivity, and nonplanning impulsivity, whereas changes in the FC between the left insula and the left superior frontal gyrus and left frontopolar brain region were significantly negatively correlated with trait impulsivity. Thus, the insula may serve as an important biomarker for identifying trait impulsivity and its intrinsic factor structure in patients with HUDs.

Background: As the infant's best interests are determined through the perinatal decisions of family members and physicians, it is important to understand the factors that affect such decisions. This paper investigated the separate and combined effects of various factors related to perinatal decision making and sought to determine the best way to convey information in an unbiased manner to family members. Methods: In total, 613 participants were consecutively recruited. Each participant completed a series of surveys. All responses to four items were examined via a latent class analysis (LCA) to identify subgroups of participants with similar preferences for intensive care (IC) and comfort care (CC) regarding their potentially premature infant. Multiple logistic regression analyses were applied to identify the sociodemographic predictors for the classification of participants into different subgroups. Results: χ²-tests indicated that perinatal decision making for Item 2 was influenced by framing information, whereas decision making wasn't affected by presentation modes. Furthermore, the endorsement rates of IC significantly decreased with the information increased from brief to detailed, regardless of framing or presentation mode. The LCA indicated that a 3-subgroup model, which included the IC, CC, and variation subgroups, was optimal. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that, compared with the IC subgroup, negative framing, higher education, parenthood, and poor numeracy predicted participants' preferences for CC. Meanwhile, worrying about physical or mental disabilities predicted preferences for CC and sensitivity to the amount of information provided regarding treatment options (variation subgroup). Conclusions: Perinatal decision making is affected by many factors, suggesting that more detailed information, improved understandability of numerical data, and a neutral tone of voice regarding therapeutic outcomes would be helpful for the families of premature infants to make unbiased decisions. Our findings should be replicated in future research.