In tomato cultivation, a rare natural mutation in the flowering repressor antiflorigen gene SELF-PRUNING (sp-classic) induces precocious shoot termination and is the foundation in determinate tomato breeding for open field production. Heterozygous single flower truss (sft) mutants in the florigen SFT gene in the background of sp-classic provide a heterosis-like effect by delaying shoot termination, suggesting the subtle suppression of determinacy by genetic modification of the florigen–antiflorigen balance could improve yield. Here, we isolated three new sp alleles from the tomato germplasm that show modified determinate growth compared to sp-classic, including one allele that mimics the effect of sft heterozygosity. Two deletion alleles eliminated functional transcripts and showed similar shoot termination, determinate growth, and yields as sp-classic. In contrast, amino acid substitution allele sp-5732 showed semi-determinate growth with more leaves and sympodial shoots on all shoots. This translated to greater yield compared to the other stronger alleles by up to 42%. Transcriptome profiling of axillary (sympodial) shoot meristems (SYM) from sp-classic and wild type plants revealed six mis-regulated genes related to the floral transition, which were used as biomarkers to show that the maturation of SYMs in the weaker sp-5732 genotype is delayed compared to sp-classic, consistent with delayed shoot termination and semi-determinate growth. Assessing sp allele frequencies from over 500 accessions indicated that one of the strong sp alleles (sp-2798) arose in early breeding cultivars but was not selected. The newly discovered sp alleles are potentially valuable resources to quantitatively manipulate shoot growth and yield in determinate breeding programs, with sp-5732 providing an opportunity to develop semi-determinate field varieties with higher yields.

The control of flowering time is a major contributing factor to the improvement of crop yield by optimizing plant growth in a crop cycle. Genetic variants that determine flowering time can provide insights into optimizing flowering time for higher yields and other beneficial traits in tomato crops. Here, we examined a collection of flowering time variants to assess their effects on biomass and total tomato yields. Five late flowering (lf), thirteen large plant (lp), and seven floral homeotic (fh) mutants were identified as flowering time variants that could be rearranged according to leaf production in the primary shoot meristem (PSM). A flowering time continuum of mutants was translated into a positive continuum of biomass yield with more leaves, branches, and floral organs. The flowering time continuum showed an optimal curve of fruit yield, indicating a certain late flowering time as optimal for fruit yield, with the yield gradually decreasing in both directions with earlier or later flowering times. We isolated lf1, lf10, lp22, and fh13 as high-yielding genotypes with optimal flowering time, showing a new balance between the vegetative and flowering phases of tomato. Additionally, lp8, fh8, and fh15 produced extremely high biomass in leaves, axillary shoots, and floral organs due to late flowering in shoot apices with additional production of floral organs and lateral shoot. Our new late-flowering variants provide new genetic resources that can be used to optimize crop yield by fine-tuning flowering time, and future molecular studies could be conducted by revisiting our yield model.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of after maximal exercise, fatigue recovery and total antioxidant capacity level by black garlic intakes quantity before and after the exercise. The volunteers for this study were 18 male university students. Primary tests were examined of each subjects by graded exercise test using Bruce protocol. Each of 6 subject was divided 3 groups by matched method based. For the secondary tests, the groups of subjects were taken their materials before and after exercise as a blind test. After the ingestion, subjects were experimented of graded exercise test, using Bruce protocol, by treadmill until the all-out. The results of this experiment were obtained by using SPSS 12.0 statistics package, and the average (M) and standard deviation (SD) were calculated by Analysis of Covariance and Repeated measure ANOVA. The subsequent results were as follows; 1) Among the tested groups, black garlic ingestion after the BGGⅢ group was maintained the longest of exercise exhaustion time. There, however, was no significant changes of each other(p>.05). 2) In all the tested groups, BGGⅢ group showed the lowest heart rate of rest and playing exercise, and BGGⅢ group represented the highest of HR max. There was significant differences of each time(p<.001). and each groups(p<.05), and each groups and group verse time(p<.05). 3) Concentration of blood lactate showed significant differences of each time period(p<.001) however, was not shown significant changes of each groups(p>.05) or each groups and group verse time(p>.05). 4) Concentration of blood Hematocrit showed significant differences of each time period(p<.05) however, was not shown significant changes of each groups(p>.05) or each groups and group verse time(p>.05). 5) Concentration of total antioxidants showed significant differences of each time period(p<.05) however, was not shown significant changes of each groups(p>.05) or each groups and group verse time(p>.05). In conclusion, intakes of black garlic might by reduced fatigue recovery and total antioxidants part appeared with the fact that affects is affirmative. Therefore, effects as an ergogenic aid through the intakes of black garlic need obvious results by further studies.