Solar photovoltaic (PV) applications are gaining a great interest worldwide and dominating the renewable energy sector. However, the solar PV panels’ performance is reduced significantly with the increase in their operating temperature, resulting in a substantial loss of energy production and poor economic scenarios. This research contributes to overcoming the PV performance degradation due to the temperature rise. This work involves experimental and theoretical studies on cooling of PV panels using the evaporative cooling (EC) principle. A new EC design to cool the bottom surface of a PV panel was proposed, fabricated, tested, and modeled. A series of experimentation readings under real conditions showed the effectiveness of the method. A steady state heat and mass transfer model was implemented and compared with the experimental data. Fair agreement between the results of the modelling and experimental work was observed. It was found that the temperature of the PV panel can be decreased by 10 °C and the power improvement achieved was 5%. Moreover, the EC helps to stabilize the panels’ temperature fluctuation, which results in a better regulation of electrical power output and reduces the uncertainty associated with solar PV systems.

The effect of heat pipe thermosiphon in reducing the operating temperature of a photovoltaic panel has been analyzed theoretically and experimentally in this paper. Copper heat pipe thermosiphon with acetone as a working fluid was used. The theoretical study involved a heat balance analysis of the panel with cylindrical heat pipe with surface contact with the panel bottom. The experimental study involved recording temperature variations, with and without a heat pipe, which had very good agreement with the theoretical results of 2.61%. Additionally, the optimum quantity of acetone was 50 mL, with a maximum reduction in panel temperature of 10 °C.

A comprehensive roadmap for advancing Electric Micromobility (EMM) systems addressing the fragmented and scarce information available in the field is defined as a transformative solution for urban transportation, targeting short-distance trips with compact, lightweight vehicles under 350 kg and maximum speeds of 45 km/h, such as bicycles, e-scooters, and skateboards, which offer flexible, eco-friendly alternatives to traditional transportation, easing congestion and promoting sustainable urban mobility ecosystems. This review aims to guide researchers by consolidating key technical insights and offering a foundation for future exploration in this domain. It examines critical components of EMM systems, including electric motors, batteries, power converters, and control strategies. Likewise, a comparative analysis of electric motors, such as PMSM, BLDC, SRM, and IM, highlights their unique advantages for micromobility applications. Battery technologies, including Lithium Iron Phosphate, Nickel Manganese Cobalt, Nickel-Cadmium, Sodium-Sulfur, Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion, are evaluated with a focus on energy density, efficiency, and environmental impact. The study delves deeply into power converters, emphasizing their critical role in optimizing energy flow and improving system performance. Furthermore, control techniques like PID, fuzzy logic, sliding mode, and model predictive control (MPC) are analyzed to enhance safety, efficiency, and adaptability in diverse EMM scenarios by using cutting-edge semiconductor devices like Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) in well-known configurations, such as buck, boost, buck–boost, and bidirectional converters to ensure great efficiency, reduce energy losses, and ensure compact and reliable designs. Ultimately, this review not only addresses existing gaps in the literature but also provides a guide for researchers, outlining future research directions to foster innovation and contribute to the development of sustainable, efficient, and environmentally friendly urban transportation systems.

This paper studies energy consumption management of seawater Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination plants to maintain and enhance the Voltage Stability (VS) of Power Systems (PS) with Photovoltaic (PV) plant integration. We proposed a voltage-based management algorithm to determine the maximum power consumption for RO plants. The algorithm uses power flow study to determine the RO plant power consumption allowed within the voltage-permissible limits, considering the RO process constraints in order to maintain the desired fresh water supply. Three cases were studied for the proposed RO plant: typical operation with constant power consumption, controlled operation using ON/OFF scheduling of the High-Pressure Pumps (HPPs) and controlled operation using Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) control. A modified IEEE 30-bus system with a variable load was used as a case study with integration of three PV plants of 75 MWp total power capacity. The adopted 33.33 MW RO plant has a maximum capacity of 200,000 m³/day of fresh water production. The results reveal that while typical operation of RO plants can lead to voltage violation, applying the proposed load management algorithm can maintain the vs. of the PS. The total transmission power loss and power lines loading were also reduced. However, the study shows that applying VFD control is better than using ON/OFF control because the latter involves frequent starting up/shutting down the RO trains, which consequently requires flushing and cleaning procedures. Moreover, the specific energy consumption (SEC) and RO plant recover ratio decreases proportionally to the VFD output. Furthermore, the power consumption of the RO plant was optimized using the PSO technique to avoid unnecessary restriction of RO plant operation and water shortage likelihood.

Voltage control is critical in power systems operation and control. With the increase in using distributed generation DG, it becomes essential to ensure that voltage stability is main-tained. This work studies using DG and conservation voltage reduction CVR for improving voltage profile, reducing generation cost, and power loss. The size and location of the DG was optimized based on the voltage profile criterion. The buse's voltages were reduced to the lower band to decrease generation cost and total power loss. Optimal Power flow using PSO algorithm was implemented to investigate the power system voltage profile, 30 bus IEEE systems is used in this work. The results showed that accompanying DG with CVR can reduce generation cost and power loss by 13.14 and17.22.