The changing climatic conditions coupled with fodder availability have posed severe challenges and threats for the dairy sector in Pakistan. The current paper determines the influence of climate change on the dairy sector in Pakistan. Comprehensive data set was collected from 450 farmers. The majority of farmers experienced the climate change and its variability and explained that severity and frequency of climatic extreme events such as droughts, heat waves, floods, pests and diseases and humidity is increasing. The study found that farmers considered drought as one of the major climatic risks which severely affects all aspects of dairy production. Specifically, to estimate the perceived impacts of climatic extreme event on milk production, an ordered probit model was applied and identified that climate change had high adverse impact on milk quantity in the study area. Different adaptation practices, such as changing cropping pattern for fodder production, off-farm income activities, diversifying the farm and regular vaccination are mostly used by dairy farmers. The study recommends policy initiatives to be taken by government for long term developments in the dairy farming.

Food waste indicates a significant threat to the economy the environment and food security. Food waste is one of the most pressing sustainability concerns that need to be addressed. Consumer behavior patterns that contribute to food waste at household level had been observed in Pakistan. In order to prevent food waste at the regional and global levels, it is imperative to identify the causes of food. The goal of the current study was identified and analyzed the determinants of food waste at household levels and suggests recommendations to decrease food waste in households. For this purpose, the data was collected from 200 consumers through a convenience sampling technique using a pre-tested questionnaire. Data was collected through a convenience sampling technique. Logit regression model was used to analyze the data. Identification of food waste determinants is very helpful to optimize operations, minimize losses, and improve profitability. The study found gap between perceptions and practices. Despite awareness and negative perceptions of food waste, actual waste levels were influenced by practical constraints such as storage facilities, Taste, and product appearance. The study findings indicate that taste, food stock waste, left over waste, un appealing texture, over quantity production waste, educational effect, awareness regarding food waste, expiry date, product appearance, nutritional value, overcooked waste all these variables led to increase the food waste at household level. Only brand reputation negatively affects the food waste behavior of the respondents. The findings provide a solid foundation for developing targeted policies and interventions aimed at reducing household food waste. By understanding the determinants, policy makers can create specific strategies to address each factor, such as educational campaigns on food storage, policies encouraging portion control, and community programs promoting the use of leftovers.

Seed management practices—referred to as seed treatment, storage, and timely replacement—are critical for improving crop quality, enhancing wheat productivity, and ensuring food security. Despite initiatives started by public and private institutions in Pakistan to promote these practices, their adoption among wheat farmers is often limited. This study investigated the adoption of seed management practices in Punjab province and their impact on wheat productivity. Wheat farmers were approached for data collection in Sheikhupura district using a structured questionnaire and convenience sampling method. Descriptive analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS 26, while relationships between variables were assessed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The results of the analysis indicated that the adoption of seed management practices was significantly affected by technical attributes, institutional support, financial constraints, and access to information. In contrast, marketing factors did not exhibit a significant impact. Additionally, it was discovered that the adoption of these practices had a statistically significant and positive effect on wheat productivity. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions such as improved farmer training, enhanced access to certified seeds, and investment in storage infrastructure to strengthen seed systems and promote adoption. These findings provide crucial empirical evidence that can guide policymakers and agricultural stakeholders in designing effective strategies for sustainable wheat production and rural development. This study provides localized evidence on wheat seed management practices in Punjab. 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