Recently, the small and micro enterprises have earned significant fame in the management and entrepreneurship discipline. Researchers have examined the turnover intention of employees working within formal organizations, but ignored the employees working within small and micro enterprises. The aim of this study is to analyze the moderating effects of supervisor support on the relationship between illegitimate tasks and turnover intention of the employees of small and micro enterprises. An interview-administered questionnaire approach was used for data collection, and the snowball sampling technique was employed in this study to contact employees who were working within small and micro enterprises. The sample size was 420 employees from Lahore city (the provincial capital city of Punjab, Pakistan). Results showed that supervisor support would moderate the impact of illegitimate tasks on turnover intention, and a high level of support available from supervisor to the employee at the workplace would make them less likely to leave the organization as opposed to an employee who has less supervisor support at the workplace. The study reveals that supervisor support in small and micro enterprises is necessary to reduce or eliminate stress in the environment. Consequently, this study implies that the managers and supervisors of small and micro enterprises should provide logic and explanation to their subordinates and motivate their subordinates as to why they are assigned that particular task instead of any other employee and how important it is. This study contributes to the field of small and micro enterprises by evaluating the relationship between illegitimate tasks and turnover intention. This study is unique because management scholars have more often studied employees’ behavior in large corporations rather than in small and micro enterprises.

The purpose of this research paper is to explore the antecedents and consequences of circular entrepreneurship in emerging markets. The consequences of circular entrepreneurship will be explored through the lens of three dimensions of sustainability: social, economic, and environmental. This study used a multi-case approach, which is frequently applied in circular business literature. The study used convenient and purposeful sampling techniques to identify circular entrepreneurs starting a business by recognizing opportunities in CE. We interviewed the 15 entrepreneurs (all participants engage in plastic circular entrepreneurship) with more than 8 years of experience. We employed a semi-structured interview method because respondents explored important information during the interview. Atlas.ti, a prominent qualitative software package, was used for analysis. This study portrays the antecedents and consequences of circular entrepreneurship identified when circular entrepreneurs take the initiative to serve low-income customers. This study points out that circular entrepreneurs can be motivated both intrinsically and extrinsically. The consequences of circular entrepreneurship show how such enterprises impact on society, sustainability, and the economy. The study points out that circular entrepreneurship can have both positive and negative impacts on the environment. By investigating the determinants and consequences of circular entrepreneurship in emerging markets, the authors make a significant contribution to the field of circular economy and entrepreneurship. We have limited logistics and resources, thus we did not collect data from stakeholders, who might provide a richer picture and insights into how circular products affect their lifestyle. Policymakers can get a better understanding of such enterprises from the findings of this study. They should reassess policies regarding circular entrepreneurship and suggest ways to promote open innovation within circular entrepreneurship. Circular enterprises serve low-income customers by offering an affordable product with attractive features. The government should develop an open innovation action-packed forum to find, design, and create prototypes, as well as introduce more comprehensive sustainable solutions for wastable plastic products.

This research compares the entrepreneurial intention among school-going children and children at work (child labor) who are optimistic about entrepreneurship. Furthermore, we analyze the relationship between personality factors and three perceptual variables of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) with entrepreneurial intentions. We used hand-collected data techniques from school-going children and children at the workplace to investigate the proposed relationships. The in-house survey was conducted in five towns of Lahore city. The convenience sampling technique was used to collect data from 450 school-going children, and the snowball sampling technique was used to collect data from 450 child laborers. The statistical findings show that both school-going children and children at the workplace hold optimistic attitudes toward starting a new venture. During the comparison of these two datasets, we found more significant differences than similarities. However, the intentions of child laborers were more entrepreneurial than school-age children. Moreover, both school-going children and children at the workplace scored above average in three personality traits (optimism, competitiveness, and risk-taking tendency); they predicted higher entrepreneurial intention (EI). Innovativeness also predicted intention for school-going children but not for children at the workplace sample. The findings of this study were based on only one developing nation. It is not generalized to other countries due to cultural variations. In future research, data would be collected from numerous regions, developed or developing nations, improving generalizability. Furthermore, only four constructs of personality traits were used, ignoring social and contextual factors. This study provides new insights for educational policymakers and practitioners. They should develop a comprehensive policy and incorporate entrepreneurship education in our secondary schools to boost entrepreneurial knowledge. Moreover, practitioners may change effective policy reforms to foster the interest of child laborers in entrepreneurship. This study contributes to the child labor and entrepreneurship literature by comparing the entrepreneurial intention among school-going children and children at the workplace. As far as the researchers’ experience, there is no empirical evidence in the literature on this unique phenomenon.

The critical role of sustainable entrepreneurship in addressing global challenges necessitates a deeper understanding of its antecedents, particularly within higher education. This study investigates the influence of perceived university support on sustainable entrepreneurial intention (SEI) through the mediating mechanisms of entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE), entrepreneurial alertness (EA), and attitude toward entrepreneurship (ATE). Data were collected from 450 university students in Pakistan and analyzed using regression and parallel mediation analysis with Hayes' PROCESS macro. The results indicate that university support has a significant positive direct effect on SEI. Furthermore, the relationships are significantly mediated by ESE, EA, and ATE, with attitude forming the strongest mediating pathway. These findings confirm that universities act as pivotal ecosystems that shape entrepreneurial intentions not just through resource provision, but by concurrently building students' confidence, sharpening their opportunity recognition skills, and fostering a positive disposition towards sustainable venturing. This study provides actionable insights for educators to design holistic support programs aimed at cultivating the next generation of sustainable entrepreneurs.

This study examines the sequential impact of digital entrepreneurial education on digital entrepreneurial behavior, focusing on mindset, passion, and motivation. Drawing on theories of entrepreneurship and digital innovation, the research examines how education fosters the cognitive and affective foundations that drive entrepreneurial action in digital contexts. Findings confirm that digital entrepreneurial education has a significant impact on shaping the entrepreneurial mindset, which in turn nurtures entrepreneurial passion. Passion was found to be a strong predictor of digital entrepreneurial motivation, ultimately leading to proactive digital entrepreneurial behavior. The supported hypotheses highlight the importance of education not only as a source of knowledge but also as a catalyst for mindset development, emotional engagement, and sustained motivation. The results contribute to the growing body of literature on digital entrepreneurship by establishing a comprehensive pathway from education to behavior. Practically, policymakers and educators should design integrated programs that cultivate mindset, passion, and motivation to strengthen entrepreneurial ecosystems.

This study examines how entrepreneurial emotions, optimism, and overconfidence influence entrepreneurial behavior, with attitude toward entrepreneurship as a mediator. Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behavior and Affective Events Theory we propose a model where cognitive and affective factors shape behavior through attitudinal pathways. Data were collected from 450 students in Gujranwala, Pakistan, using validated scales for entrepreneurial emotions, optimism, overconfidence, and entrepreneurial behavior. Results from regression and mediation analyses (revealed three key findings: (1) Entrepreneurial emotions and optimism positively predicted attitude toward entrepreneurship, while overconfidence had a negative effect. (2) Attitude mediated 22–34% of the total effects of psychological traits on behavior and (3) Attitude was the strongest direct predictor of entrepreneurial behavior. These findings underscore the centrality of cognitive evaluations in translating emotions and biases into action, advancing theoretical integration in entrepreneurship research. Practical implications suggest that training programs should cultivate realistic optimism while mitigating overconfidence to foster sustainable venture creation. Limitations include cross-sectional design and regional sampling; future studies could employ longitudinal or experimental designs across diverse cultural contexts.