Авторы в статье рассмотрели влияние прямых иностранных инвестиций на развитие нефтегазовойотрасли Казахстана с момента приобретения независимости до нынешнего времени, так как привлечениеиностранных инвесторов способствует восстановлению работы нефтегазовых месторождений и улучшениюсоциальной инфраструктуры. Принятие соответствующих нормативно-правовых актов и выработкаинвестиционной политики для определения дальнейшего развития нефтегазовой сферы является актуальнымвопросом. Объект исследования не потерял своей значимости, напротив, в современных условияхпереживаемого мировой экономикой кризиса и приостановки хозяйственной деятельности, обострились итребуют теоретического переосмысления вопросы развития нефтегазовой отрасли не только нашей страны,но и всей мировой экономики. Как следствие, надо продолжить исследование проблематики направлений иобъемов прямых иностранных инвестиций в данную отрасль.Научные публикации, которые анализируют и прогнозируют дальнейшее развитие нефтяной отраслив современных условиях, становятся крайне необходимыми и востребованными. Развитие отраслипредопределяет и, в свою очередь, зависит от оживления всей мировой экономики (как этапа мировогоэкономического цикла) и выхода мирового хозяйства из состояния карантина в условиях пандемии COVID-19. От этого будут зависеть мировые цены на нефть, а значит и перспективы анализируемой научнойпроблемы.Исследование показало, что прямые иностранные инвестиции положительно повлияли на проведениегеологоразведочных работ, улучшение работы нефтегазовых месторождений, строительство инфраструктурыв Казахстане и решили проблему экспорта нефти и газа. Однако, в нефтегазовой отрасли Казахстананаблюдалось неравноправное положение национальных и зарубежных инвесторов, вследствие чего режимнаибольшего благоприятствования для зарубежных инвесторов был отменен. Также более 62% экспортныхпоступлений составили доходы от нефти и газового конденсата. В случае оттока капитала зарубежныхинвесторов существует опасность для стабильности экономики Казахстана.Результаты исследования следует принять к сведению в разработке инвестиционной стратегиигосударства.

The article provides an empirical and analytical assessment of Kazakhstan’s ability to transform its existing transport and logistics infrastructure into a competitive advantage within Central Asia. Based on a comparison of indicators for 2020–2024 and a case-study analysis, the authors demonstrate the country’s substantial infrastructural capacity-including an extensive railway network, port connectivity through the Caspian Sea, and key border crossings with China-which has supported a notable increase in transit volumes. The analysis of technological and institutional developments highlights progress in the digitalization of operations (electronic documentation and tracking platforms), partial railway electrification, and the expansion of renewable-energy initiatives. The authors show that the combination of digital traceability and technical modernization creates the foundations for the commercialization of low-carbon transport corridors; at the same time, several constraints are identified, including uneven electrification, the need for accurate verification of energy consumption and the share of renewables, as well as fragmented regional digital integration, which collectively limit the full realization of this potential. The results have practical significance for policy formation and investment strategies in the field of transit logistics.

Kazakhstan’s application to join the World Trade Organization began less than five years after achieving full independence from the Soviet Union, when economy of the country required reforms and progress. The accession process differs on a case-by-case basis depending on the country’s economy and policy. In comparison with General agreement trade and tariffs, the World Trade Organization accession has become more political due to the negotiation issues subject to the domestic politics of the country and geopolitical considerations World Trade Organization Membership is regarded as a fundamental step towards Kazakhstan’s full integration into the international economy. As a hydrocarbon rich state, the government realized that by remaining outside the World Trade Organization, the country would lose economic opportunities to take benefits of global market. Kazakhstan’s involvement in the international trade through the World Trade Organization would commence a new wave of economic growth. Nineteen years later on, the Republic of Kazakhstan has become the full member of the World Trade Organization. In this article the complex and lengthy process of Kazakhstani accession to the World Trade Organization will be explored. Specifically, referring to Kazakhstan’s accession case, the essay will critically analyse some of the main issues of accession in terms of legal perspective view.Keу words: General agreement trade and tariffs, World Trade Organization, accession negotiation, the Marrakesh agreement, multilateral trade agreement. Қазақстанның Дүниежүзілік сауда ұйымына қосылу туралы өтініші Кеңес Одағынан толық егемендік алғаннан кейін және ел экономикасы әртүрлі реформалар мен ілгері қадамдарға мұқтаж болған кезеңде басталды. Тәжірибе көрсетіп отырғандай, Дүниежүзілік сауда ұйымына қосылу процесі мемлекеттің экономикасы мен саясатына байланысты әрқилы болуы мүмкін. Кеден тарифтері және сауда бойынша бас келісіммен салыстырғанда Дүниежүзілік сауда ұйымына қосылу мемлекеттің ішкі саяси және геосаяси жағдайларына байланысты келіссөздер жүргізу мәселелерінің салдарынан саясилана түсті. Дүниежүзілік сауда ұйымына мүшелік – бұл Қазақстанның халықаралық экономикаға толыққанды өтудегі іргелі қадамы болып табылады. Қазақстанның Дүниежүзілік сауда ұйымынан тыс қалуы мемлекеттің жаһандық нарықтағы әртүрлі артықшылықтар мен экономикалық мүмкіншіліктерден айырылып қалу қаупін туғызатыны туралы Қазақстан үкіметі өз тұжырымдарын айтқан болатын. Бұл орайда Дүниежүзілік сауда ұйымы арқылы Қазақстанның халықаралық саудаға қосылуы экономикалық өсім үшін жаңа қадам болып табылады. Тек он тоғыз жылдан кейін Қазақстан Республикасы Дүниежүзілік сауда ұйымының толық мүшесі атанды. Бұл мақалада Қазақстанның күрделі әрі ұзаққа созылған Дүниежүзілік сауда ұйымына кіру процесі қарастырылады. Сондай-ақ, мақалада ұйымға кірудің негізгі мәселелеріне құқық тұрғысынан талдау жасалады.Түйін сөздер: Дүниежүзілік сауда ұйымы, Кеден тарифтері және сауда бойынша Бас келісім, ұйымға кіру келісімі, Маракеш келісімі, көпжақты сауда келісімі. Заявка Казахстана на вступление во Всемирную торговую организацию началась менее чемчерез пять лет после достижения полной независимости от Советского Союза, когда экономикастраны нуждалась в реформах и прогрессе. Процесс присоединения отличается в каждомконкретном случае в зависимости от экономики и политики страны. По сравнению с Генеральномсоглашением по тарифам и торговле, вступление во Всемирную торговую организацию сталоболее политическим из-за проблем ведения переговоров с учетом внутренней политики страны игеополитических соображений. Членство во Всемирной торговой организации рассматриваетсякак фундаментальный шаг к полной интеграции Казахстана в международную экономику. Какгосударство, богатое углеводородами, правительство осознало, что, оставаясь за пределамиВсемирной торговой организации, страна потеряет экономические возможности...

This study assesses export concentration risk in four Central Asian economies (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan) by examining trade specialization patterns in 31 mineral, chemical, textile, and metallurgical product groups over 2017–2024. Using a multi-index framework based on Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), Relative Trade Advantage (RTA), and the Lafay Index (LI), the paper distinguishes structurally embedded competitive advantages from export signals that are weak, import-dependent, or potentially transient. The revised analysis adds explicit data consistency checks, a clarified classification rule, and robustness tests based on sign concordance, majority-index rules, and RSCA-only thresholds. The results show that Central Asia’s risk profile is highly persistent but heterogeneous: Tajikistan is exposed to extreme single-commodity risk in aluminium and cotton-related segments; Kazakhstan remains vulnerable to mineral-fuel concentration and energy-price volatility; Uzbekistan has broader but still labour-intensive textile specialization; and Kyrgyzstan shows ambiguous competitiveness that may partly reflect re-export and transit-related trade. Fully competitive product groups are confined mainly to resource- and labour-intensive activities, while chemicals and technologically complex manufacturing remain non-competitive across the region. The findings support risk-differentiated policy responses, including commodity-price hedging, counter-cyclical stabilization tools, downstream processing, textile upgrading, and regional value-chain development.

This article is devoted to a comparative legal analysis of trademark protection mechanisms in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the European Union. The relevance of the study is обусловлена the increasing number of infringements of exclusive rights in both jurisdictions, as well as the ongoing convergence of regional legal systems within the framework of the EAEU and their harmonization with international standards. The purpose of the study is to identify common approaches and key differences in enforcement practice and to formulate recommendations for improving Kazakhstani legislation, taking into account the experience of the EU. The methodological framework comprises comparative legal analysis, examination of judicial practice, and statistics. The article reviews key cases from Kazakhstan and precedents of the Court of Justice of the EU. Kazakhstan’s system effectively combats counterfeiting, while EU practice is more focused on protecting brand reputation and preventing actions that may undermine brand prestige; therefore, to incorporate European experience into Kazakhstan’s legislation, following measures are proposed: amend Article 43 of the Law on Trademarks, Service Marks, Geographical Indications and Appellations of Origin to include brand reputation protection; establish a procedure for the prompt removal of unlawful digital content; and strengthen pre-trial dispute resolution by developing mediation mechanisms.

The article examines the methodological limitations of traditional competitiveness theories amid the transition to a polycentric global economy. Using a four-dimensional analytical framework and systemic approach, the study demonstrates that M. Porter’s paradigm, while valuable at micro level, proves insufficient for explaining contemporary structural transformations marked by digitalization, economic sovereignty, and value chain fragmentation. Empirical analysis reveals that Porter’s “diamond” determinants explain only 55–60% of economic growth variations, indicating theoretical gaps. The research highlights digital transformation as a key challenge, fundamentally reconfiguring all components of traditional models through AI, platforms, and new business models. As a theoretical alternative, the article proposes the concept of Sustainable Competitive Advantages (SCA), integrating macroeconomic regulation, industrial policy, and regional cooperation. Using the EAEU and comparative cases (China, Singapore), the study demonstrates the effectiveness of strategic protectionism and industrial cooperation. The findings have practical significance for developing new competitiveness indicators and policy tools adapted to polycentric realities.