The use of nanofluids is showing promise as an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method. Several reviews have been published focusing on the main mechanisms involved in the process. This new study, unlike previous works, aims to collect information about the most promising nano-EOR methods according to their performance in core-flooding tests. As its main contribution, it presents useful information for researchers interested in experimental application of nano-EOR methods. Additional recoveries (after brine flooding) up to 15% of the original oil in place, or higher when combined with smart water or magnetic fields, have been found with formulations consisting of simple nanoparticles in water or brine. The functionalization of nanoparticles and their combination with surfactants and/or polymers take advantage of the synergy of different EOR methods and can lead to higher additional recoveries. The cost, difficulty of preparation, and stability of the formulations have to be considered in practical applications. Additional oil recoveries shown in the reviewed papers encourage the application of the method at larger scales, but experimental limitations could be offering misleading results. More rigorous and systematic works are required to draw reliable conclusions regarding the best type and size of nanoparticles according to the application (type of rock, permeability, formation brine, reservoir conditions, other chemicals in the formulation, etc.)

The source of pollution of both underground-water and water is the existence of heavy metals in such an environment. constitutes. This research sheds light on the lead (Pb) reactivity with Cadmium (Cd) throughout their transferal in the different soils. The batch technique was used in order to demonstrate the influence of temperature, initiate concentration, adsorption-isotherm. The consequences reveal that the Freundlich model, Langmuir model, Harkin-Jura model, and Halsey model are able to adequately describe the adsorption-isotherm parameter. The adsorption ability of the heavy metals decreased once temperatures increased. On the bases of the highest ability of adsorption (Qm), the order of affinity of Lead and Cadmium for the investigated soil occurred at Pb > Cd, and the maximum capacities of adsorption of competition of two cations are decreased for the same effective sites. The change in the thermodynamic state functions such as standard free-energy (ΔGo), standard entropy (ΔSo), and standard enthalpy (ΔHo) were investigated. The interaction of adsorption is revealed to be exothermic in nature

Crude oil distillation (CDU) is a crucial unit in refinery plants for producing various crude oil cuts, such as naphtha, kerosene, light gas oil, heavy gas oil, and Atm residue. This study used ASPEN HYSYS V11 software to examine the parameters that affect CDU efficiency in South Refinery Company /Iraq-Mishriff crude oil, like temperature, pressure, and flow rate. Optimization of these variables was applied to identify suiTable values for separation products. The study reveals that the increased mass flow rate of crude oil to CDU increases the flow rates of naphtha, kerosene, and HGO. The study also examines the impact of the temperature of feed crude oil on CDU. Results show that the volume flow of products increases with increased temperature except the naphtha values decrease. The simulated liquid volume flow for the Naphtha value was 57.96 m3/h higher than the original data of 50.7 m3/h and the kerosene value was 49.24 m3/h lower than the plant value of 51.5 m3/h. The effect temperature was also studied, the volume of liquid flow is directly proportional to the increase in temperature of the crude oil, whether it was a TBP or ASTM blend. The refinery and simulated values were compared, and a satisfactory agreement between the simulated and real results was observed, with some clear differences in the LGO values. The cause of this difference may be the result of the changes during the laboratory tests, or Sampling strategies may affect the accuracy of ASTM D86 tests and laboratory results. Optimization is crucial for optimal operating conditions for efficient product production. Most plant data align with optimized conditions, except for some. For instance, the perfect temperature of crude oil in the distillation unit is 382 oC instead of 375 oC, and the better mass flow of LGO steam is 1431 kg/h rather than 1100 kg/h