Iodine deficiency is an ongoing problem. The implementation of salt iodization has significantly reduced the effects of iodine deficiency worldwide in recent years, and the remaining iodine deficiency is mild to moderate. Iodine is an essential substrate for the synthesis of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. It can also act as an antioxidant, as well as an anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic factor. Pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and children are particularly affected by iodine deficiency. It leads to thyroid diseases and metabolic and developmental disorders, as well as cancer. However, an excessive iodine intake may, similarly to iodine deficiency, lead to the development of goiter, and toxic amounts of iodine can lead to thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism, and even to the development of papillary thyroid cancer. Correcting iodine deficiency potentially reduces the chance of developing malignancies. Additional research is needed to better understand both the effect of iodine on carcinogenesis and the clinical outcome of iodine deficiency compensation on cancer patients’ prognosis. The upcoming public health challenge appears to be reducing salt consumption, which could result in a lower iodine intake. Thus, an iodine enrichment vehicle other than salt could be considered if salt iodine levels are not increased to compensate, and urine iodine levels should be monitored more frequently.

Introduction and purpose: Calisthenics is a sport in which the load and resistance is the body of the person exercising. It can be practiced indoors or in outdoor gyms, and to perform exercises such as pull-ups, push-ups, jumping jacks and lunges, no special equipment is needed or only basic equipment in the form of a bar and parallel bars. Due to the ease of performing most calisthenic exercises, their availability, and the health benefits of practicing it, its popularity is constantly growing among people of all ages. The purpose of this article is to collect information on the possible health benefits of calisthenics and the most common injuries associated with practicing it. A brief description of the state of knowledge: During calisthenics training using your body weight, people who exercise face a number of mental and physical challenges that depend on the level of advancement of the exercise or gymnastic figure being performed. During calisthenics training using your body weight, exercisers face a number of mental and physical challenges that depend on the level of advancement of the exercises or gymnastic figures performed. These exercises can lead to health benefits as well as injuries. Injuries during body weight exercises can affect any limb. The most common joints that are injured are the knee, shoulder, or wrist joints. The health benefits of this type of exercise are many, both physical, such as reduced cardiovascular risk and muscle growth, and mental, such as reduced anxiety, a lower chance of depression and better sleep. Conclusions: The risk of injury during calisthenics is relatively low, and the health benefits of the exercises are undeniable. Calisthenics is a good choice for people who do not want to spend a lot of money on equipment or a gym membership and want to improve their physical and mental health with a low risk of serious injuries.

INTRODUCTIONThe anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) plays a vital role in maintaining knee stability and supporting physical activity. ACL injuries, whether due to trauma or overuse, are common in both athletes and the general population, often resulting in impaired function and an elevated risk of osteoarthritis. In recent years, ACL reconstruction techniques have evolved significantly due to advancements in medical technology, a deeper understanding of knee biomechanics, and a stronger focus on patient outcomes. This review integrates current evidence on surgical innovations, graft selection, and rehabilitation to guide clinicians in optimizing ACL reconstruction and improving patient quality of life. METHODSThis review synthesizes literature from 2020 to 2025, focusing on ACL reconstruction techniques, graft selection, and adjunctive procedures. A systematic search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar with terms including "ACL reconstruction," "graft choices," and "rehabilitation protocols." Studies addressing surgical innovations and outcomes were included without exclusion criteria. AIM OF THE STUDYThe aim is to synthesize and critically appraise current trends in ACL reconstruction based on recent evidence. CONCLUSIONACL reconstruction requires precise surgical technique, appropriate graft choice, structured rehabilitation, and psychological support. Autografts have shown favorable outcomes, while personalized rehab protocols enhance recovery. Addressing mental health during rehabilitation is also essential. Future strategies should focus on standardizing care, integrating psychological support, and exploring regenerative therapies. A multidisciplinary approach is key to improving outcomes and quality of life after ACL injuries.

Introduction and Aim:Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic, immune-mediated disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Conventional therapies, such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics, do not consistently induce long-term remission and carry a risk of adverse events. This review aims to evaluate and compare three novel small-molecule oral agents—ozanimod, filgotinib, and upadacitinib—in terms of their mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety profiles in the treatment of IBD. Materials and Methods:This study is a literature review based on data from Phase I–III clinical trials and pharmacological analyses retrieved from PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov. Major registration studies (e.g., TRUE NORTH, SELECTION, U-ACHIEVE) and comparative publications on long-term efficacy and safety were included. Results:Ozanimod has demonstrated efficacy in ulcerative colitis by modulating S1P1 and S1P5 receptors, with a favorable safety profile. Filgotinib, a selective JAK1 inhibitor, offers a good balance between efficacy and low thrombotic risk, particularly in biologic-naive patients. Upadacitinib shows rapid and robust clinical responses, including in treatment-refractory populations, though it requires closer safety monitoring due to potential adverse effects. Conclusions:Ozanimod, filgotinib, and upadacitinib enrich current IBD treatment strategies. Their distinct pharmacological and safety profiles enable more personalized therapeutic approaches. Further comparative studies and the development of predictive biomarkers are essential for optimizing treatment selection and improving patient outcomes.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains the most prevalent form of dementia and a pressing public health concern, particularly in the context of global population aging. The pathogenesis of AD involves a multifactorial interplay of genetic, molecular, and immunological mechanisms, with amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau protein playing pivotal roles. Current pharmacological treatments provide symptomatic relief but lack disease-modifying effects. Recent advancements in anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies such as aducanumab, lecanemab, and donanemab mark a significant shift in therapeutic strategies, although their clinical effectiveness and safety are still being carefully evaluated. Emerging therapeutic strategies, including gene therapy, tau-targeted interventions, neurostimulation techniques, and modulation of the gut microbiome, demonstrate potential but remain largely at the experimental stage, with limited or no clinical evaluation in humans to date. This review discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and current as well as future directions in AD treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS This article is based on a narrative review of recent research findings and clinical data related to Alzheimer's disease. It includes epidemiological statistics, clinical trial outcomes, and discusses both established pharmacological treatments and newly introduced therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies. The review also highlights emerging strategies, including gene therapies and novel therapeutic targets. Overall, it synthesizes current evidence to outline recent advances and identify areas for future research and development.

Introduction: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) constitutes a significant health concern. AMD is associated with vision impairment. A timely diagnosis and personalized therapeutic strategies are key determinants of a favorable disease course. Diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression are mainly based on imaging modalities. Currently, the interpretation of imaging results is performed by clinicians, which is time-consuming, expensive and often limited due to disparities in access to healthcare. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) for image analysis seems to be an innovative approach. This approach will facilitate the clinical management of patients with AMD, who require frequent follow-up visits to monitor disease progression, evaluate therapeutic efficacy, and determine the necessity of therapeutic escalation. Materials and Methods: This study is a literature review based on recent literature including clinical trials, meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials. The methodology involved a literature search from 2020-2025 across electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, The keywords search terms like “Artificial intelligence and age-related macular degeneration”, “Artificial intelligence and optical coherence tomography”. Results: AI models present high diagnostic accuracy in AMD, achieving sensitivity and specificity above 90%. AI model results are often comparable or better than clinical assessment. AI effectively detects disease and predicts progression, supporting treatment planning, including anti-VEGF scheduling. Performance may decline across devices and heterogeneous cohorts. Recent innovation, specially multimodal systems including various imaging tests, indicate high diagnostic maturity and clear clinical usefulness.