Global warming and over-enrichment of freshwater systems have led to an increase in harmful cyanobacterial blooms (cyanoHABs), affecting human and animal health. The aim of this systematic map was to detail the current literature surrounding cyanotoxin poisonings in terrestrial wildlife and identify possible improvements to reports of morbidity and mortality from cyanotoxins. A systematic search was conducted using the electronic databases Scopus and Web of Science, yielding 5059 published studies identifying 45 separate case reports of wildlife poisonings from North America, Africa, Europe, and Asia. Currently, no gold standard for the diagnosis of cyanotoxin intoxication exists for wildlife, and we present suggested guidelines here. These involved immunoassays and analytical chemistry techniques to identify the toxin involved, PCR to identify the cyanobacterial species involved, and evidence of ingestion or exposure to cyanotoxins in the animals affected. Of the 45 cases, our recommended methods concurred with 48.9% of cases. Most often, cases were investigated after a mortality event had already occurred, and where mitigation was implemented, only three cases were successful in their efforts. Notably, only one case of invasive cyanobacteria was recorded in this review despite invasive species being known to occur throughout the globe; this could explain the underreporting of invasive cyanobacteria. This systematic map highlights the perceived absence of robust detection, surveillance, and diagnosis of cyanotoxin poisoning in wildlife. It may be true that wildlife is less susceptible to these poisoning events; however, the true rates of poisoning are likely much more than is reported in the literature.

Background: The damage to trees caused by grey squirrels in Britain undermines the UK Government's ambitious afforestation targets for expanding woodland area to sequester carbon. The motivations of grey squirrel bark stripping are poorly understood, hindering the development of non‐lethal management options that target bark stripping. Aim: We provide a broad synthesis of the literature on the bark‐stripping behaviour of squirrel species with the specific goal of identifying methods to understand and mitigate the bark‐stripping behaviour of grey squirrels in Britain. Methods: We searched for articles that described or investigated the bark‐stripping behaviour of squirrel species. Literature searches were conducted in English, Spanish, Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese using relevant platforms for literature‐search databases. Information extracted from the articles included coding variables defined by study meta‐data, study design and contextual variables for bark‐stripping behaviour. Results: We identified 188 relevant articles on sciurid bark‐stripping behaviour in North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Most studies were observational (65%), identifying important tree and stand characteristics associated with tree susceptibility to damage. Experimental studies (15%) largely aimed to identify methods to prevent damage caused by squirrels, with none finding an effective, practical and humane solution for preventing or reducing damage. Evidence for the causes of bark‐stripping behaviours remains sparse, particularly for species that cause significant economic damage. Conclusion: Future research should prioritise experimental designs and interdisciplinary collaborations aiming to establish causal understanding. For the grey squirrel, we propose multiple hypotheses that warrant further investigation, including nutritional deficiencies, self‐medication, scent‐marking and agonistic behaviours.