Background/Objectives: Patient education materials (PEMs) in ophthalmology often exceed recommended readability levels, limiting accessibility for many patients. While organizations like the AAO provide relatively easy-to-read resources, topics remain limited, and other associations’ PEMs are too complex. AI chatbots could help clinicians create more comprehensive, accessible PEMs to improve patient understanding. This study aims to compare the readability of patient education materials (PEMs) written by the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) with those generated by large language models (LLMs), including ChatGPT-4o, Microsoft Copilot, and Meta-Llama-3.1-70B-Instruct. Methods: LLMs were prompted to generate PEMs for 15 common diagnoses relating to cornea and anterior chamber, which was followed by a follow-up readability-optimized (FRO) prompt to reword the content at a 6th-grade reading level. The readability of these materials was evaluated using nine different readability analysis python libraries and compared to existing PEMs found on the AAO website. Results: For all 15 topics, ChatGPT, Copilot, and Llama successfully generated PEMs, though all exceeded the recommended 6th-grade reading level. While initially prompted ChatGPT, Copilot, and Llama outputs were 10.8, 12.2, and 13.2, respectively, FRO prompting significantly improved readability to 8.3 for ChatGPT, 11.2 for Copilot, and 9.3 for Llama (p < 0.001). While readability improved, AI-generated PEMs were on average, not statistically easier to read than AAO PEMs, which averaged an 8.0 Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level. Conclusions: Properly prompted AI chatbots can generate PEMs with improved readability, nearing the level of AAO materials. However, most outputs remain above the recommended 6th-grade reading level. A subjective analysis of a representative subtopic showed that compared to AAO, there was less nuance, especially in areas of clinical uncertainty. By creating a blueprint that can be utilized in human–AI hybrid workflows, AI chatbots show promise as tools for ophthalmologists to increase the availability of accessible PEMs in ophthalmology. Future work should include a detailed qualitative review by ophthalmologists using a validated tool (like DISCERN or PEMAT) to score accuracy, bias, and completeness alongside readability.

Background: Sex has been associated with different pathologic characteristics in painful hips undergoing hip arthroscopic surgery. Purpose: To compare minimum 10-year patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and survivorship in patients who underwent primary hip arthroscopic surgery for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome and labral tears according to sex. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Data from patients who underwent primary hip arthroscopic surgery between March 2009 and May 2011 were reviewed. Patients with minimum 10-year PROs for the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Non-Arthritic Hip Score (NAHS), Hip Outcome Score–Sports-Specific Subscale (HOS-SSS), and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain were eligible. Exclusion criteria included previous ipsilateral hip conditions or surgical procedures, Tönnis grade >1, or dysplasia (lateral center-edge angle <25°). In the subanalysis, female patients were matched to male patients using a 1:1 ratio by age, sex, and body mass index. Results: A total of 375 hips had a minimum 10-year follow-up. There were 249 female (mean age, 36.8 ± 13.1 years) and 126 male (mean age, 38.9 ± 13.1 years) hips. Survivorship was defined as no conversion to total hip arthroplasty. Female and male hips exhibited similarly high rates of survivorship (80.3% vs 72.2%, respectively; P = .076). Female hips underwent secondary arthroscopic surgery at a statistically higher rate of 14.5% ( P = .021) and had higher rates of capsular repair and iliopsoas fractional lengthening ( P < .0001 and P < .001, respectively). Male hips had a significantly higher rate of acetabular labrum articular disruption/Outerbridge grade 3 and 4 damage at 54.0% compared with female hips (both P < .001) and underwent femoroplasty and acetabular microfracture at significantly higher rates of 88.1% versus 51.0%, respectively, and 16.7% versus 4.8%, respectively (both P < .001). In the subanalysis, both groups showed significant improvements in all PROs from baseline (all P < .001). Even though female patients demonstrated a higher rate of secondary arthroscopic surgery, they had a higher self-reported mean satisfaction score of 9.0 compared with 8.4 ( P = .003) and a greater magnitude of improvement in 10-year PROs (ΔmHHS: 29.3 ± 17.5 vs 23.1 ± 19.8, respectively [ P = .036]; ΔNAHS: 33.2 ± 21.3 vs 25.1 ± 19.5, respectively [ P = .012]; ΔHOS-SSS: 47.0 ± 32.0 vs 32.7 ± 31.9, respectively [ P = .008]; and ΔVAS: –4.6 ± 2.7 vs −3.5 ± 2.0, respectively [ P = .009]). However, all PROs at a minimum 10-year follow-up were similar between the groups. Conclusion: After undergoing hip arthroscopic surgery for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome, both female and male patients reported significant improvements in all PROs at a minimum 10-year follow-up and high patient satisfaction, with similar final functional scores. Even though female patients demonstrated a higher rate of secondary arthroscopic surgery, they had a higher satisfaction score and a greater magnitude of improvement in PROs postoperatively.

Purpose: This study aims to compare the readability of patient education materials (PEMs) written by the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) with those generated by large language models (LLMs), including ChatGPT-4o, Microsoft Copilot, and Meta-Llama-3.1-70B-Instruct. Methods: LLMs were prompted to generate PEMs for 15 common diagnoses relating to cornea and anterior chamber, which was followed by a prompt to reword the content at a 6th-grade reading level. The readability of these materials was evaluated using nine different readability analysis python libraries and compared to existing PEMs found on the AAO website. Results: For all 15 topics, ChatGPT, Copilot, and Llama successfully generated PEMs, though all exceeded the recommended 6th-grade reading level. While unprompted ChatGPT, Copilot, and Llama outputs were 10.8, 12.2, and 13.2, respectively, prompting significantly improving readability to 8.3 for ChatGPT, 11.2 for Copilot, and 9.3 for Llama (p < 0.001). While readability improved, AI-generated PEMs were on average, not statistically easier to read than AAO PEMs, which averaged an 8.0 Flesch-Kincaid grade level. Conclusions: Prompted AI chatbots can generate PEMs with improved readability, nearing the level of AAO materials. However, most outputs remain above the recommended 6th-grade reading level, and the brevity of Copilot's responses raises concerns about content quality. By creating a blueprint, AI chatbots show promise as tools for ophthalmologists to increase the availability of accessible PEMs in ophthalmology.

Purpose: To evaluate severe dupilumab-associated ocular surface disease (DAOSD) and identify clinical features, risk factors, and outcomes associated with delayed ophthalmologic referral. Methods: A multicenter retrospective case series of 13 patients (26 eyes) with severe DAOSD presenting to tertiary centers between January 2014 and April 2026 was conducted. Clinical findings were analyzed alongside a focused review of current evidence on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Results: Initial ocular symptoms were frequently mild and nonspecific, most commonly redness and pruritus (13/13, 100%), followed by blurred vision with tearing (3/13, 23.1%), eye pain (2/13, 15.4%), and mucoid discharge (2/13, 15.4%), contributing to delayed referral. Symptom onset ranged from 0 to 37 months after dupilumab initiation (mean 11.7 months). At presentation, advanced disease manifestations included limbitis (3/13, 23.1%), conjunctivalization with corneal neovascularization (3/13, 23.1%), limbal stem cell deficiency (2/13, 15.4%), and cicatricial conjunctivitis (1/13, 7.7%). Preexisting atopic ocular disease was present in 6/13 patients (46.2%). Management included lubrication, topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and scleral lenses. Dupilumab was discontinued in 7/13 patients (53.8%). Clinical stabilization was achieved in 12/13 patients (92.3%) over a mean follow-up of 21.4 ± 20.3 months. Conclusions: Severe DAOSD may be underrecognized, as mild early symptoms can delay referral and allow progression to advanced, vision-threatening complications. Preexisting ocular surface disease identifies a high-risk subgroup. Early ophthalmologic evaluation and timely referral are essential to prevent irreversible ocular surface damage and vision loss.