The retinoblastoma gene (RB1), which is located on chromosome 13q14.2, is mutated in retinoblastoma (RB), the most common malignant intraocular tumor in children. About 8000 new cases of retinoblastoma are diagnosed globally each year, accounting for approximately 1 in 17,000 live births. RB is prototypically considered hereditary by nature as thirty to forty percent of cases have autosomal dominant inheritance, and the remaining sixty to seventy percent have non-inherited sporadic inheritance. RB is the most treatable juvenile malignancy, with a high percentage of survival; nevertheless, advanced tumors restrict the amount of globe salvage and are frequently linked to high-risk histological characteristics that indicate spread. Investigating the disease’s molecular causes has also helped to understand its subsequent processes, which has resulted in the identification of biomarkers and relevant targeted treatments. Additionally, advancements in molecular biology techniques facilitated the creation of effective strategies for early disease detection, genetic counseling, and prevention. In the present review, we discuss the risk factors, epidemiology, pathology, and therapeutic approaches for retinoblastoma. We specifically focus on the genetic and molecular characteristics of retinoblastoma, including mutations that cause key signaling pathways involved in the DNA repair, cellular plasticity, and cell proliferation to become dysregulated.

Artificial intelligence (AI), usually referred to as machine intelligence, is a scientific field that gives robots the ability to think like people. AI is a term used to describe a system that simulates human intellect using computer programming. AI is advancing quickly in many multidisciplinary fields, including ophthalmology, from healthcare to the accurate preventive measures, investigation, and treatment plans of illnesses. Because of the emphasis on imaging in the diagnosis of eye illnesses, optometry and ophthalmology is at the forefront of AI in medical field and medicine. Lately, the most prevalent illnesses that cause blindness and visual impairment, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), have been subjected to deep learning-based AI screening and predictive algorithm models. Deep learning machine with algorithms are the computer models made up of several layers of simulated neurons, are largely responsible for the success of AI in medical field and medicine. These models are capable of learning how data is represented at various levels of abstraction. The trained AI system classified the various forms of DR on optical coherence tomography pictures with accuracy equivalent to that of human specialists. In this study, we focus on the core ideas of AI and how it is applied to the various forms of DR. We also go into further detail on how AI and DL are used in the future of ophthalmology.

Eruption cyst is an odontogenic cyst which is regarded as the soft tissue variant of dentigerous cyst. They are usually seen in first decade of life and appears as raised dome shaped swelling on the mucosa of alveolar ridge. This paper presents a case of an eruption cyst in a 7 year old male and its successful management.